Movement and

Sustainability
Presentation by: Group 4
 Global Demography
Demography
- The study of human populations- their size, composition,
and distribution across space- and the process through
which populations change.

Demographics
- is the study of population based on factors such as age,
race, and sex.
• Birth rate
• Life expectancy at birth
• Mortality rate
• Fertility rate
• Age dependency ratio
BIRTH RATE
- The number of births per 1,000 people per year
(Total lives births/ Total population) x 1,000 = Birth rate

MORTALITY RATE/ DEATH RATE

- The percentage of people who die relative to the
country’s population. (annual)
(Total deaths/ Total population) x 1,000 = Death Rate
IMMIGRATION VS. EMIGRATION
- Act of leaving
- Act of entering a
one's own country
foreign country
often to settle
permanently in
another country
LIFE EXPECTANCY
-at a given age is the number of years which a person of
that age may expect to live, according to the mortality
pattern prevalent in that country.
FERTILITY RATE
- The total number of children borne by a woman at a
point of time during her child-bearing age
(15 to 45 yrs old)

FAMILY SIZE DEPENDS UPON:

• Duration of Marriage
• Education of Couple
• No. of Live Birth
• Contraception Method
• Socio Economic Status
MEDIAN AGE
-is the age that divides a population in two
numerically equally sized groups- that is half the
people are younger than this age and half are
older. It is a single index that summaries the age
distribution ofpopulation.

Global Median Age:

1970 - 21.7
2019 - 30
AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO
- expresses the relationship between three age
groups within a population: ages 0-15, 16-64 and 65-
plus. Higher values indicate a greater level of age-
related dependency in the population. The old-age
dependency ratio is the population ages 65-plus
divided by the population ages 16-64.
THEORIES OF POPULATION GROWTH
AND DECLINE
• Malthusian Theory
• The Demographic Transition Theory
 MALTHUSIAN THEORY
Overpopulation and Massive Poverty
- Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) theorized
pessimistically that population was uncontrollable.

- he argued that population was growing faster than the

amount of resources we could produce.

-he suggested that at some point population would outgrow

resources. (food)
The Demographic Transition Model
- This model predicts, that as a country develops, high
birth rates and high death rates will fall.
- This model also predicts that countries will pass
through periods of industrialization and urbanization
on the way to reduce birth and death rates.
IMPLICATIONS OF OVERPOPULATION
• Better Economy
• Efficient Utilization
• Medical, Agricultural and Industrial growth
• Better Labor Force
• Greater Investment in Capital Formation
The 'PERILS' OF OVERPOPULATION
• Shortage of Food and Land
• Environmental Problems
• Problem of Unemployment
• Poverty and Low Standard of Living
• Inflation
• Conflict and War
 WOMEN AND
REPRODUCTIV
E RIGHTS
 WHAT IS REPRODUCTIVE
RIGHTS?
- these are the rights of an individual
to decide whether to reproduce and have
reproductive health. This may include an
individual’s right to plan a family,
terminate a pregnancy, use
contraceptives, learn about sex
education in public schools, and gain
access to reproductive health services.
 WHAT IS
REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH?
- It implies that people are
able to have a satisfying and
safe sex life, the capability to
reproduce and the freedom to
decide if, when and how often
to do so.
- It usually includes abortion.
 ROE V. WADE

The landmark Supreme

Court decision that
established a woman’s
legal right to an
abortion.
 MOST
COUNTRIES
IMPLEMENT
REPRODUCTI
VE HEALTH
LAWS

BOLIVI
 MOST
COUNTRIES
IMPLEMENT
REPRODUCTI
VE HEALTH
LAWS

GHANA
 COUNTRIES
IMPOSE
RESTRICTIVE
REPRODUCTIV
E HEALTH
PROGRAMS

POLAND
 COUNTRIES
IMPOSE
RESTRICTIVE
REPRODUCTI
VE HEALTH
PROGRAMS

CROATI
A
 COUNTRIES
IMPOSE
RESTRICTIVE
REPRODUCTI
VE HEALTH
PROGRAMS

HUNGAR
Y
 COUNTRIES
IMPOSE
RESTRICTIVE
REPRODUCTI
VE HEALTH
PROGRAMS

YUGOSLAVI
A
 COUNTRIES
IMPOSE
RESTRICTIVE
REPRODUCTI
VE HEALTH
PROGRAMS

RUSSIA
 Muslim Countries do not undone
abortion and limit wives to
domestic chores and delivering
babies.

Senegal only allows abortion when

the mother’s life is threatened.

Philippines with a majority of

Catholic, now has a reproductive
law in places but conservative
politicians have enfeebled it
through budget cuts and stalled
its implementation by filing a case
against the law in the Supreme
Court.
 WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE
RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS
OHCHR
Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health is related
to Multiple Human Rights:
 The right to life.
 The right to be free from torture.
 The right to health.
 The right to privacy.
 The right to education.
 The prohibition of discrimination.
SO, STATES HAVE OBLIGATIONS TO RESPECT, PROTECT, AND
FULFILL RIGHTS RELATED TO WOMEN’S SEXUAL AND
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.
THE FEMINIST
PERSPECTIVE
 WHAT IS A FEMINIST
PERSPECTIVE?
• It aims to understand the nature of
gender inequality, and examines women's
social roles, experiences, and interests.

• Provides critique of social relations.

• Much of feminist theory, it focuses on

analyzing gender inequality and the
promotion of women’s interest.
FEMINIST THEORY
- uses the conflict approach to
examine the reinforcement of gender
roles and inequalities, highlighting the
role of patriarchy in maintaining among
the oppression of women.

FEMINISM
- focuses on the theory of patriarchy as
a system of power that organizes society
into a complex of relationships based on
the assertion of male supremacy.
 Feminist theory
- It is founded on three main principles:
1. Women have something valuable to
contribute to every aspect of the world.
2. As an oppressed group, women have been
unable to achieve their potential, receive
rewards, or gain full participation in society.
3. Feminist research should do more than
critique, but should work toward social
transformation.
 Biological sex Vs. GENDER
• As characteristics • It is based on
that are
socially
biologically
constructed
defined.
features.
• It is generally
refers to the • It can be refers
biological to the role of
differences male or female in
between males and society.
females such as
the genitalia and
genetic
Terms:
GENDER IDENTITY
- refers to one’s psychological sense of
oneself as a male, female, gender
transgressive, etc.

GENDER ROLE
- refers to the socially constructed and
culturally specific behavior and
expectations for women or men and are
based on heteronormativity.
GENDER EXPRESSION
- refers to the behavior and/or
physical appearance that a person
utilizes in order to express their
own gender.

GENDER STRATIFICATION
- occurs when gender differences
give men greater privilege and
power over women, transgender
and gender-non-conforming people.
• The feminist perspective of gender
stratification more recently takes into
account intersectionality.

• A feminist sociological theory first

highlighted by feminist-sociologist
Kimberlé Crenshaw.

• Intersectionality suggests that various

forms of oppression such as racism,
classism, and sexism are interrelated to
form a system of oppression in which
various forms of discrimination intersect.
 TYPES OF OPPRESSION:
INDIVIDUAL
- Attitudes and actions that reflect
prejudice against a social group.

INSTITUTIONAL
- Policies, laws, rules, norms, and
customs enacted by organizations and social
institutions that disadvantage some social
groups and advantage other social groups.
 TYPES OF OPPRESSION:
 SOCIETAL/CULTURAL
- Social norms, roles, rituals, language, music,
and art that reflect and reinforce the belief
that one social group is superior to another.

 INTERSECTIONALITY
- it suggests that various biological, social, and
cultural categories such as gender, race, class,
and ethnicity interact and contribute towards
systematic social inequality. Therefore, various
forms of oppression do not act independently
but are interrelated.
 Global
migration
Benefits and Detriments
for the Sending Countries
 WHAT IS GLOBAL
MIGRATION?
• Defined by the International
organization for Migration (IOM)
as the movement of persons away
from their place of usual
residence, either across an
international border or within a
state.
WHY DO PEOPLE
MOVE?
People move across international borders
for a variety of reasons, including (though
not limited to):
Safety
Natural disaster
Political conflict
Education
Family
Career
Economic Benefit
THE push-pull factor
• are factors in the
destination country • refers to conditions
that attract the which force people
individual or group to leave their
to leave their home.
homes. A person
These factors
attract people to a would typically move
new place largely because of distress
because of the (safety, natural
opportunities disaster, or political
presented in the conflict).
new location were
not available to
them previously.

PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS

 SENDING country
- Is the country whose
citizens leave to migrate to
other countries generally to
find employment.
 BENEFITS for the sending
country:

 alleviate unemployment and

increase the incomes of the
remaining workers.

 The payment of remittances

(payment sent home by
migrants).
 Detriments for the sending
country:
 Brain-drain or Brain waste

 Social problems for

children left behind or
growing up without a wider
family circle
INTEGRATION
in Migration
 - The process by which
migrants become accepted
into society, both as
individuals and as groups.
How migrants interact
with their new home
countries?
WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF
MIGRATION IN THEUR NEW
HOME COUNTRIES, ON THE
ORIGIN LOCATION, AND ON
THE MIGRANTS
THEMSELVES?
 The ImpactSkills
Workers who
will work for low
offilled.
Migration
gaps are inPublic
theirservices
can benefit
wages and are
New Home Countries
prepared to do
from and influx
of qualified
jobs that local Immigrant staff e.g.
people do not
want. POSITIVE IMPACTS
groups can
increase birth
doctors and
nurses.
rates.

Government tax
revenues Increased
Boost to the
increase. cultural
local economy.
diversity.
 Pressure on public
services such as Increased levels of Increased pressure
Overcrowding.
healthcare.
The Impact of Migration in their
schools, housing and pollution. on natural resources

New Home Countries

Local people can miss
Migrant groups may
Language and cultural Racial tensions and out on jobs due to
barriers can exist.NEGATIVE IMPACTS
discrimination. increased competition
from migrants.
not assimilate into
local communities.

Gender imbalance-
usually more men
migrate.
 The Impact
Unemployment can of Migration
Less pressure on on the
When migrants
reduce as there is natural resources return, they bring
less competition for Origin Location
including food and new skills and
jobs. water. knowledge.

POSITIVEMoney
IMPACTS
There is less is often sent
pressure on services back to family and
such as education friends , boosting
and healthcare. the local economy.
 Fewer skilled migrants, as
The
There are fewer people to
Impact of Migration on
those with skills and the
Brain drain could have a
education, tend to be the
pay tax, so it could negative impact on
increase.
Origin Location
people who migrate. This
economic development.
is also known as brain-
drain.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS
There are often gender
Families separated by
imbalances, as it is often
borders.
males who move.
The opportunity
The Impact ofImproved
Migration on
to get a better
quality of life.
Migrants
job.

POSITIVE
The IMPACTS
opportunity
Safety from
for a better
conflict.
education.
 The Impact
Issuesof Migration on
Issues securing
Migrants may run communicating
Migrants accommodation or
out of money. due to language
housing on arrival.
barriers.

Illness due to not NEGATIVE IMPACTS

Migrants may
being able to Migrants can be
experience
access exploited.
racism.
healthcare.
“MIGRATION IS A
GLOBALIZATION
OF PEOPLE”