EE3101

Communication Engineering
Chapter 1-3, Baseband Transmission
 1.6 Matched Filter
AWGN Step 1 Step 2
Receiver
Threshold
Sample at t=T
comparison
𝑠1 ( 𝑡 ) Linear
 
 
𝑠 𝑖 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑜𝑟 Filter 𝑠^  𝑖 ( 𝑡 )
  𝐻1
𝑠2 ( 𝑡 ) h(t)     𝑧 (𝑇 ) ≷ 𝛾
Binary waveform 𝐻2

 Optimum receiver consists

of correlator or
matched filter matched to

Two Basic Steps in Digital Detection

1.6 Matched Filter
•  A matched filter is a linear filter designed to provide maximum SNR at its output.
That is z(T) for a given transmitted symbol waveform.
• At t=T, z(T) consists of a signal component, ,and noise component with
variance , the average noise power.
• The ratio of the instantaneous signal power to average noise power is:
  𝑆 𝑎2𝑖
( ) =𝜎
𝑁 𝑇
2
0

• We wish to find the filter transfer function, , that maximizes the above equation.
 Apply inverse Fourier transform to T(f) and the filter transfer function H(f) to find a(t):
  ∞
𝑎 ( 𝑡 )= ∫ 𝐻 ( 𝑓 ) 𝑇 ( 𝑓 ) exp ( 𝑗2 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑓
−∞

If the two sided power spectral density of the input noise is N0/2, then the output noise
power:
∞
 
2 𝑁0 2
𝜎 0= ∫ |𝐻 (𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑓
2 −∞
∞ 2
 
𝑆
2
𝑎𝑖 |∫
−∞
𝐻 ( 𝑓 ) 𝑇 ( 𝑓 ) exp ( 𝑗 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑓
|
( ) 𝑁 𝑇
=
𝜎2
0
=
𝑁0 ∞
2

2
∫ |𝐻 (𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑓
−∞

Note: S(f) is used for PSD

  ∞ 2 ∞ ∞
′
| | 2
𝑆𝑐h𝑤𝑎𝑟 𝑧 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 , ∫ 𝑓 1 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 2 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ∫ |𝑓 1 ( 𝑥 )| 𝑑𝑥 ∫ |𝑓 2 ( 𝑥 )| 𝑑𝑥
−∞ −∞ −∞
2

 This
equality holds if where k is arbitrary constant
and * represents complex conjugate. If we assume this to be true, then,

  ∞ 2 ∞ ∞

| | 2
∫ 𝐻 ( 𝑓 ) 𝑇 ( 𝑓 ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( 𝑗2 𝜋 𝑓𝑇 ) 𝑑𝑓 ≤ ∫ |𝐻 ( 𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑥 ∫ |𝑇 ( 𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑥
−∞ −∞ −∞
2

∞ ∞
2 2
  ∫ |𝐻 ( 𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑥 ∫ |𝑇 ( 𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑥
𝑆
𝑇h𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 : ( ) 𝑁 𝑇
≤ −∞

𝑁0
∞
2
−∞

2 ∫ |𝐻 ( 𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑓
−∞
  ∞
𝑆 2 2
𝑖𝑒: 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( )
= ∫ |𝑇 ( 𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑓
𝑁 𝑇 𝑁 0 −∞
  ∞
𝑆 𝐸 2
𝑜𝑟 :𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( )
=
𝑁 𝑇 𝑁 0 /2
wherethe energy E of s ( 𝑡 ) 𝑖𝑠 E= ∫ |𝑇 ( 𝑓 )| 𝑑𝑓
−∞

Thus the maximum output SNR depends on;

1. Input signal energy
2. Noise power spectral density
Does not depend on the shape of the waveform.
Equality valid only if optimum filter transfer function H0(f) is used.
∗ −1 ∗
 𝐻 0 ( 𝑓 )=𝑘 𝑇 ( 𝑓 ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( − 𝑗 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑇 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 h ( 𝑡 )= ℱ { 𝑘 𝑇 ( 𝑓 ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( − 𝑗 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑇 ) }
 

Since s(t) is a real-value signal, i.e.

  Fourier transform pair

Complex
  conjugation
Matched Filter: ℎ(𝑡)=𝑘[𝑠(𝑇−𝑡)]
• A filter that produces maximum output SNR.
• Impulse response of this filter h(t) is the mirror image of the message signal s(t).
• Impulse response of this filter is delayed by a symbol duration T.

s(t) s(-t) h(t)=s(T-t)

t t t
T -T T
Correlator Realization of the Matched Filter
Another way of implementing a Matched filter is too use a correlator
  𝑡
𝑧 ( 𝑡 )=𝑟 ( 𝑡 ) ⊗ h (𝑡 ) =∫ 𝑟 ( 𝜏 ) h ( 𝑡 − 𝜏 ) 𝑑 𝜏
0

With optimum h(t) derived before  h ( 𝑡 ) =𝑘 [ 𝑠 ( 𝑇 −𝑡 ) ]

  𝑡
𝑧 ( 𝑡 )=∫ 𝑟 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑠 [ 𝑇 − ( 𝑡 − 𝜏 ) ] 𝑑 𝜏
0

  𝑇

When t=T, 𝑧 ( 𝑇 )=∫ 𝑟 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑠 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑑 𝜏

0
   𝑇
When t=T, 𝑧 ( 𝑇 )=∫ 𝑟 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑠 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑑 𝜏
0

The matched filter output equals to the product of the received signal, r(t), with a replica
of the transmitted waveform, s(t), over a one symbol interval.
Thus a matched filter is often used synonymously with product integrator or correlator.

𝑟  ( 𝑡 ) =𝑠 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑛 ( 𝑡 )   Integrator
𝑧  𝑐 ( 𝑡 )

 
(known signal)
Reference input

Matched-filter Realization by Correlation Processing

   𝑡
Correlator output: 𝑧 𝑐 ( 𝑡 )=∫ 𝑟 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑠 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑑 𝜏
0

When t=T, the correlator output equals the matched filter output
  𝑇
This is easier to implement practically and is
𝑧 𝑐 ( 𝑇 )=𝑍 (𝑇 )=∫ 𝑟 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑠 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑑 𝜏 used to replace the matched filter h(t)
0

z(T)
Correlator output zc(t)

Matched filter output z(t)

t
T
 AWGN Step 1 Step 2
Receiver
Threshold
Sample at t=T
comparison
𝑠1 ( 𝑡 )

 
  𝑡
𝑠 𝑖 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑜𝑟   𝑟 (𝜏 ) 𝑠 (𝜏 )𝑑 𝜏 𝑠^  𝑖 ( 𝑡 )
∫ 𝐻1
𝑠2 ( 𝑡 ) 0  
  𝑧 (𝑇 ) ≷ 𝛾
Binary waveform S(t) 𝐻2
(known signal)
Reference input

Optimum receiver with correlator

Example by L W Couch
Example: L. W. Couch,
Matched Filter for Detection of a BPSK Signal
1.7 Error Probability Performance of Binary
Signaling
1.7.1 Unipolar NRZ Signal
si(t) 𝑇   𝐻1
  ❑ 𝑧 (𝑇 ) ≷ 𝛾 0
𝑟  ( 𝑡 )
∫ 𝑧  ( 𝑇 ) 𝑠^  𝑖 ( 𝑡 )
0 𝐻2
A

Reference signal
0 t s1(t) – s2(t)=A
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T
Unipolar NRZ Example Correlator Detector

 
  The difference of the reference signal is
  When

𝑇
 
{ 0
} Note: average noise
2
𝑎1 ( 𝑇 )= 𝐸 [ 𝑧 ( 𝑇 ) ] = 𝐸 𝐴 ∫ [ 𝐴 +𝑛 ( 𝑡 ) ] 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑇
component is zero
  Similarly, when ,

𝑇 2
2
 𝑁0 2 𝑁0 𝐴 𝑇
With 𝜎 0= ∫ 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 =
2 0 2

  𝑎1 − 𝑎2 𝐴2 𝑇 −0
And the threshold distance 𝑑= =
2 2
   1 1
Recall 𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 ( 𝑑 / 𝜎 0 ) +𝑄 ( 𝑑 / 𝜎 0 ) =𝑄 ( 𝑑 / 𝜎 0 )
2 2

 
𝐴2 𝑇 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 ( √ ) (√ )
2𝑁0
=𝑄
𝑁0
  𝐴2𝑇
Where Eb is the normalized average energy per bit 𝐸𝑏 =
2
Note: average bit energy Eb = average power  T

  2
∗
𝑂𝑟 𝐸𝑏 =∑ [ 𝑠 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑠 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 ] 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏 [ 𝑠 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) ] 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 Ω𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑖
𝑖=1
1.7.2 Bipolar NRZ Signal (i.e. NRZ-L)
  ❑ 𝑧  1 ( 𝑇 )
𝑇

si(t) ∫
0
+ 𝐻1

Σ
   
A 𝑧 (𝑇 ) ≷ 𝛾 0
Reference signal
𝑟  ( 𝑡 ) z(T) 𝐻2 𝑠^  𝑖 ( 𝑡 )
0 t s1(t)=A
0 2T 4T -
𝑇
-A   ❑
T 3T 5T ∫ 𝑧  2 ( 𝑇 )
0

Bipolar NRZ Example

Reference signal
s2(t)=-A Correlator Detector

  That is s1(t) and s2(t) are antipodal

signals, i.e. s1(t)=-s2(t)
The point in the decision plane, z(T), is formed from the difference of the correlator output,
as follows,
 𝑧 ( 𝑇 )=𝑧 1 ( 𝑇 ) − 𝑧 2 (𝑇 )
With a similar approach as before,
  𝑇 𝑇

{
𝑎1 ( 𝑇 )= 𝐸 [ 𝑧 ( 𝑇 ) ] = 𝐸 𝐴 ∫ [ 𝐴 +𝑛 ( 𝑡 ) ] 𝑑𝑡 − ( − 𝐴 )∫ [ 𝐴 + 𝑛 (𝑡 ) ] 𝑑𝑡
0 0
}
 𝑖 .𝑒 . 𝑎1 ( 𝑇 )=2 𝐴 2 𝑇 , 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 , 𝑎 2 ( 𝑇 )=− 2 𝐴 2 𝑇
  The threshold distance

  ( 𝐴 )2 𝑇 ( − 𝐴 )2 𝑇
Average energy per bit is; 𝐸𝑏 = [
2
+
2 ] = 𝐴2𝑇
The noise amplitude component at the upper and lower branch respectively;
 𝑇 𝑇

∫ 𝐴𝑛 (𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −∫ 𝐴𝑛 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
0 0 𝑇
 
Noise component after subtraction; 2∫ 𝐴𝑛 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
0
2
 
24𝑁0 𝐴 𝑇
𝜎 = 0 ¿ 2 𝑁 0 𝐴2𝑇
2
  1 1
The error probability is; Recall 𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 ( 𝑑 / 𝜎 0 ) +𝑄 ( 𝑑 / 𝜎 0 ) =𝑄 ( 𝑑 / 𝜎 0 )
2 2
  2
2

 
1
2
1
𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 ( 𝑑 /𝜎 0 ) +𝑄 ( 𝑑 / 𝜎 0 ) =𝑄 ( 𝑑 /𝜎 0 )=Q
2 (√ (2 𝐴 𝑇 )
2 𝑁0 𝐴 𝑇2 ) (√ )
=𝑄
2 𝐴2𝑇
𝑁0
2𝐴 𝑇2
2 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 (√ ) (√ )
𝑁0
=𝑄
𝑁0
PB is usually expressed in terms on Eb/N0
(or C/N) for comparative purposes.
 In digital/analogue communications, dB
is normally used to describe quantity.
For example,
 

3dBmW (or more commonly 3dBm)

means 2mW

In Q(x) calculations, x is normally in

terms of power or energy ratio, i.e.
multiplier of 10 rather than 20 for dB
values.

Bit Error Performance of Unipolar and Bipolar Signalling

1.7.3 Example 1
For a given probability of error, find the ratio of the transmission power
between unipolar and bipolar signaling (both are NRZ with same bit rate.
 Method  
1 𝐸𝑏
The probability of bit error for unipolar signaling is: 𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 (√ )
𝑁0
𝑢

 
2 𝐸𝑏
The probability of bit error for bipolar signaling is:
𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 (√ )
𝑁0
𝑏

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸 𝑏 × 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑢
= =2
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸 𝑏 × 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑏
1.7.3 Example 1
For a given probability of error, find the ratio of the transmission power
between unipolar and bipolar signaling (both are NRZ with same bit rate.
 Method  
2 𝐴 𝑇
2

The probability of bit error for unipolar signaling is: 𝑃𝐵 =𝑄

 
(√ )2𝑁0
𝑢

2
2𝐴 𝑇
The probability of bit error for bipolar signaling is:
𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 (√ ) 𝑁0
𝑏

 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔

=
[ 𝐴2𝑢 +02 ] / 2 =2
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 [( 𝐴 2 2
) +(− 𝐴 𝑏 ) ] / 2
𝑏 Why 2?
1.7.3 Example 2
  𝐸𝑏
Estimate the bit error probability of bipolar signaling if =9 𝑑𝐵
𝑁0
  𝐸𝑏 0.9
⟹ =10 =7.943
𝑁0
  𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( − 𝑥2 / 2 ) 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 >3 , 𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) ≅
𝑥 √2 𝜋 [ 1− 2
𝑥 ]
 
2 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝐵 =𝑄 (√ )𝑁0
=𝑄 ( √2 ×7.943 ) =𝑄 ( 3.986 )=3.33× 10
−5