ECE 44000 Fall 2020 – Transmission of Information

Lecture 19
- Chapter 8: Noise in Modulation Systems
Chapter 8 – Noise in Modulation Systems

 Consider noise as any unwanted interfering signal. Since we

do not know exactly what the signal is , we will consider it as
a Random Process.
 Noise deteriorates the quality of the received signal, e.g. the
appearance of “snow” on the TV screen, or “static” sounds
during an audio transmission.
 The figure of merit used to compare the various system
performance is Signal-to-Noise ratio at the output of a
baseband system.

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8.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratios

  In general, we try to maximize the signal to noise ratio in a

communication system.
 If we receive a signal with average power , and the average
noise power level is , then the SNR is simply

  𝑃𝑟𝑐𝑣   𝑃𝑟𝑐𝑣
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 𝑆𝑁𝑅 ( dB )=10 ∙ log 10
𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒

 𝑃𝑡𝑥  𝑃𝑟𝑐𝑣 r(t)

m(t)

Transmitter Channel Receiver

n(t)
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8.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratios


 Assume
  additive noise to a baseband system (no modulation and demodulation).

 White noise with double sided PSD. The total noise power is:

 A bandlimited signal m(t), with bandwidth W and double sided PSD, and signal
power .
 The Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) at the filter input is:

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8.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratios

 Assume message is passed through low pass filter without

distortion.
 𝑦 𝐷 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑚 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝐿𝑃𝐹 { 𝑛𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) } =𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑛 𝑜 ( 𝑡 )

 𝑚 (𝑡 )
𝑖  𝑦 𝐷 ( 𝑡 )=𝑚 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑛𝑜 (𝑡 )

 𝑛 (𝑡 )
𝑖 1 

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8.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratios

 𝑚 (𝑡 )
𝑖  𝑦 𝐷 ( 𝑡 )=𝑚 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑛𝑜 (𝑡 )

 𝑛 (𝑡 ) 1 
𝑖

 The noise at the filter output has the power and power spectrum density,
𝑊
  1
  and 𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = ∫ 𝑁 𝑜 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑁 𝑜 𝑊
−𝑊 2
See Sec 2.6.7 of Text
Input-Output Relationships for Spectral Densities Range of integration limited by Low Pass Filter
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8.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratios

 The SNR at filter output is

𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝑇
( SNR )𝑜= =
𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑁 𝑜 𝑊

 Filter enhances the SNR by the factor

 Since W<B.

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8.1.2 Double-Sideband Systems


 Consider
  a coherence DSB demodulator (chapter 3)
– Here we will compute the noise performance of the coherent DSB demodulator
Coherent Demodulator
DSB Receiver

DSB Modulated
signal + White   2W
Gaussian Noise

 White noise with double sided PSD,

 The received signal is:

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8.1.2 Double-Sideband Systems

Coherent Demodulator

DSB Modulated signal +

White Gaussian Noise
  2W

Pre-detection Filter

𝑒
  2 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴 𝑐 𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) cos ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 +𝜃 ) +𝑛 0 (𝑡 )
DSB Modulated signal
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8.1.2 Double-Sideband Systems

  The noise power is :

𝑒
  2 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 𝑐 𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) cos ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 +𝜃 ) +𝑛 0 (𝑡 )

  The DSB signal power is :

𝑃
  𝑚 : 𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
 The Pre-detection SNR (SNR at  
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇
output of the Pre-detection Filter) is:
  1 2
𝐴 𝑃 2
2 𝑐 𝑚 𝐴 𝑐 𝑃𝑚
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇 = =
2 𝑁 0𝑊 4𝑊 𝑁0
***
  Note: These are all values of the received signal at the output of the Pre-detection Filter. The values
for and here may be much smaller than the transmitted signal values if there is any significant channel
loss between the transmitter and the receiver ***
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8.1.2 Double-Sideband Systems


 The
  input of post-detection filter is:
𝑒  3 ( 𝑡 )= { 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) cos ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 ) +𝑛0 ( 𝑡 ) } 2 cos ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 +𝜃 )

 Assuming a narrow band noise (i.e. W, we can express it in term of its

direct and quadrature component:
𝑛
  0 ( 𝑡 )=𝑛 𝑐 ( 𝑡 ) cos ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 +𝜃 ) − 𝑛𝑠 ( 𝑡 ) sin ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 +𝜃 )

 The input of post detection filter is:

Note: Chapter 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 describe expressing noise

 in terms of quadrature components and
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8.1.2 Double-Sideband Systems
Demodulation

 

 The post detection filter (A Low Pass Filter) is used to produce the
baseband signal. (Higher frequencies are removed).

Additive noise at output

 The post-detection signal power is , and the post-detection noise power

is

 Hence the post-detection SNR is:

  𝐴 2𝑐 𝑃 𝑚
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷=
2 𝑊 𝑁0
Noise Power Spectrum

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8.1.2 Double-Sideband Systems
Detection Gain


 Since
  the signal power is: , substituting this into the post-detection SNR
from before gives the same result as the ideal baseband system:

  𝐴 2𝑐 𝑃 𝑚 𝑃𝑇
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷= =
2 𝑊 𝑁of0 merit
 The ratio of to is used as a figure 𝑊 𝑁for
0 a demodulator and is called

the Detection gain. For coherence DSB demodulator this is:

***
  Note: These are all values with respect to the receiver system. The values for and here are correct
for this type of modulation, however may be much smaller in actual values than the transmitted signal
values if there is any significant channel loss between the transmitter and the receiver. The term refers
to the received signal power ***

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8.1.3 Single-Sideband Systems

  ( 𝑓 )= 1   W
𝑆 𝑁𝑖 𝑁
2 0

SSB Signal +noise

Pre-detection Filter

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8.1.3 Single-Sideband Systems


 The
  pre-detection filter output is given by

 Assuming a narrow band noise (i.e. W, we can express it in term of its

direct and quadrature component:
𝑛
  0 ( 𝑡 )=𝑛 𝑐 ( 𝑡 ) cos ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 +𝜃 ) − 𝑛𝑠 ( 𝑡 ) sin ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 +𝜃 )

 This yields,

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8.1.3 Single-Sideband Systems


 Rewrite
  the pre-detection filter output

 Demodulation is accomplished by multiplying by the demodulation carrier which

gives:
 
+)

 The coherent demodulator removes as well as the quadrature noise component

(odd functions). The output of the Lowpass filter gives:

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8.1.3 Single-Sideband Systems


 The
  Pre-detection noise power is

 The pre-detection signal power is

 

 Therefore,   𝐴 2𝑐
𝑃𝑇 = [ 𝑃 𝑚+ 𝑃 ^𝑚]
2
 Since a signal and its Hilbert transform have the equal power:
2
𝑃
  𝑇 = 𝐴 𝑐 𝑃𝑚
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8.1.3 Single-Sideband Systems


 Post-detection
  noise power is

 Since , the post-detection signal power is

 𝑃𝑇 = 𝐴2𝑐 𝑃𝑚

 The pre-detection and post-detection SNR are

  𝐴 2𝑐 𝑃𝑚   𝐴 2𝑐 𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑇
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇 = (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷 = =
𝑁0 𝑊 𝑁 0𝑊 𝑁 0𝑊
 The Detection gain for coherent demodulation of SSB is given by:
  =1

 Coherent demodulation of both DSB and SSB results in performance

equivalent to baseband.
*** Note: These are all values with respect to the receiver system. See previous caution ***
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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
Coherent Demodulation

 AM signal is defined by

 Considering a coherent demodulation,

 Using the similar analysis for DSB, the demodulated AM signal is:

 The post-prediction noise and signal power are:

  , and

 The bandwidth of the transmitted signal is 2W.

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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
Coherent Demodulation


 Pre-detection
  noise and signal power are
  𝐴 2𝑐
𝑃𝑇 = (1+ 𝑎 ¿ ¿ 2 𝑚´ 2𝑛)¿   , and
2
 The pre-detection and post-detection SNR are
𝐴 𝑐 (1+𝑎 ¿ ¿2 𝑚´ 𝑛)
  2 2
𝐴 𝑐 𝑎 𝑚´ 𝑛
2 2 2
 
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑇 = ¿ (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷=
2 2 𝑁0 𝑊 2 𝑁 0𝑊
 Detection gain

 ¿ 2 𝐸𝑓𝑓

 Which is dependent on the modulation index .

***
  Note: These are all values with respect to the receiver system. The values for and here are correct
for this type of modulation, however may be much smaller in actual values than the transmitted signal
values if there is any significant channel loss between the transmitter and the receiver. The term refers
to the received signal power ***
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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
Coherent Demodulation

 Recall from chapter 3, the efficiency of AM signal is

𝑎 𝑚´ 𝑛
2 2
 
𝐸𝑓𝑓 =
1+ 𝑎2 𝑚 ´2
𝑛
 Detection gain

 SNR at pre-detection output is:

 SNR at the demodulator output can be written as:

 If AM signal has 100% efficiency, then it would have the same performance as
DSB and SSB.
 Note, for 100% efficiency the modulation index would need to go to infinity.
However, for modulation index > 1 envelope detection can not be used and AM
looses it’s advantage.
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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
Envelope Detector


 Envelope
  detection is the usual method for demodulating the AM signal.
The received signal at the input of envelope detector is:

 Where is a zero mean white Gaussian noise with double sided PSD

 Considering a narrowband noise output of pre-detection filter is:

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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
Envelope Detector

 Considering a narrowband noise output of pre-detection filter

is:

𝑟  (𝑡)
 Need to use phasor diagram 𝑛
  𝑠 (𝑡 )
𝜙(𝑡
  )
 𝐴𝑐 [ 1+𝑎𝑚 (𝑡 ) ] 𝑛
  𝑐 (𝑡 )

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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
Envelope Detector


 The
  envelope detector is assumed to be AC coupled so that

 Where is the average value of the envelope amplitude.

 Pre-detection noise and signal power are:
  , and

 Pre-detection SNR is:

  (1+𝑎 ¿ ¿ 2 𝑚´2 )
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑇 = 𝐴 2𝑐 𝑛
¿
4 𝑁0 𝑊

 We consider 2 cases:
– Large
– Small
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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
 Envelope Detector – Large


  Envelope is:

 For large :

 Then for most of the time:

 After removing the DC component:

 The post-prediction noise and signal power are: Post Detection SNR
𝐴 𝑐 𝑎 𝑚´ 𝑛
2 2 2
  , and  
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷=
2 𝑁 0𝑊
Detection Gain
 
The output of the envelope detector is equivalent to the
output of the coherent detector if is large.

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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
 Envelope Detector – Small


 Pre-detection
  noise can be written as

 Where,   −1 𝑛𝑠(𝑡 )
𝑟 2 2
  𝑛 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑛 (𝑡 )+𝑛 (𝑡 )
𝑠 𝑐 𝜙 𝑛 ( 𝑡 )=𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑛𝑐 ( 𝑡 )
 For ≪ 1, the amplitude of 𝐴𝑐[1+ 𝑎𝑚(𝑡)] will usually be much smaller than
Then phasor diagram for 𝐴𝑐[1+ 𝑎𝑚(𝑡)]<< is

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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
 Envelope Detector – Small


 Output
  of Envelope Detector:

 Where , the principal component of is a Rayleigh random variable with

pdf of:
 𝑓 𝑟 −𝑟
2 2
/2 𝜎 𝑟
𝑟𝑛 = 2𝑒 , 0 ≤ 𝑟 <∞
𝜎𝑟

mean

variance

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8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems
 Envelope Detector – Small


 Output
  of Envelope Detector:

 Since are random variables, is a uniform r.v. with pdf

  1
𝑓𝜙= ,− 𝜋 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋
2𝜋
𝑛

 Therefore, is multiplied by a random noise. Multiplying noise has more

degradation in compare to additive noise. This is known as Threshold
Effect. This is due to the non-linear property of E.D.
 For small it is better to use the coherence demodulation to avoid this
effect.

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DSB System Summary

 Baseband Demodulated Signal:

 The pre-detection and post-detection SNR are:

  𝑃𝑇   𝑃𝑇
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇 = (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷=
2𝑊 𝑁 0 𝑊 𝑁0
 Detection gain:
 (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷
=2
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇
  1 2
 Transmitted Signal Power: 𝑃𝑡𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑃𝑚
2

 Received Signal Power:  𝑃𝑟𝑐𝑣 =𝑃𝑡𝑥 × ( Channel Loss )=𝑃 𝑇

  𝑃𝑇
 SNR at output of demodulator (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷=
𝑁 0𝑊
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SSB System Summary

 Baseband Demodulated Signal:

 The pre-detection and post-detection SNR are:

  𝑃𝑇   𝑃𝑇
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇 = (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷=
𝑁 0𝑊 𝑁 0𝑊
 Detection gain:
 (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷
=1
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇
 Transmitted Signal Power:  𝑃𝑡𝑥 = 𝐴2𝑐 𝑃𝑚

 Received Signal Power:  𝑃𝑟𝑐𝑣 =𝑃 𝑡𝑥 × ( Channel Loss )=𝑃 𝑇

  𝑃𝑇
 SNR at output of demodulator: (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷=
𝑁 0𝑊
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AM System Summary

 Baseband Demodulated Signal:

 The pre-detection and post-detection SNR are:

2 2´
  𝑃𝑇   𝑎 𝑚𝑛 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝑇
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇 = (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷= =𝐸 𝑓𝑓
2 𝑁0 𝑊 1+𝑎 2 𝑚 2𝑛´ ( 𝑡 ) 𝑁 0 𝑊 𝑁 0𝑊
 Detection gain:
 (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷
=2 𝐸 𝑓𝑓
(𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑇
𝐴 2𝑐
 
 Transmitted Signal Power: 𝑃𝑡𝑥 = (1+ 𝑎 ¿ ¿ 2 𝑚 𝑛´( 𝑡 ) )¿
2
2

 Received Signal Power:  𝑃𝑟𝑐𝑣 =𝑃𝑡𝑥 × ( Channel Loss )=𝑃 𝑇

  𝑃𝑇
 SNR at output of demodulator: (𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) 𝐷= 𝐸𝑓𝑓
𝑁0 𝑊
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Noise Performance Characteristics

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Examples 1

communication
A   channel has 90-dB attenuation and additive
noise with double sided PSD =, The message signal has
bandwidth of 1.5MHz and normalized message average power
of 1/3. If the post-detection SNR is 30dB, in each of the
following cases find the necessary transmitter power.
a) USSB modulation
b) AM modulation with a = 0.5
c) DSB modulation

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Example 2

 
Assume that an AM system operates with an index of 0.5 and
that the message signal is 10cos(8𝜋𝑡). Compute the efficiency,
the detection gain in dB, and the output SNR in decibels
relative to the baseband performance . Determine the
improvement (in decibels) in the output SNR that results, if the
modulation index is increased from 0.5 to 0.8.

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Example 2

 ( SNR ) 𝐷 = 𝐸 𝑓𝑓 =− 0.111=− 9.542 dB

𝑃𝑇
𝑁𝑜 𝑊
Increasing the modulation index to 0.8 give:
2
 𝐸𝑓𝑓 = ( 0.8 ) ( 0. 5)
=0.242= 2.4 %=− 6.15 db
2
1+ ( 0.8 ) ( 0.5 )   + Improvement
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