Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Post-budget control.
• The need for computing variances
• Variance as a control measure
• The different types of variances
• Using variances to evaluate performance
Variances
Traditionally, variances or deviation of
actual from budgeted numbers is done at
periodic intervals.
Is this adequate?
Total Variance
Let us use the following data from
Colonial Pewter Co.
Std. Qty Std. Price Std. Cost
Inputs or Hours or Rate
(1) (2) (1) x (2)
Direct materials 3 pound $ 4.00 $12.00
Direct Labor 2.5 hours 14.00 35.00
Variable Mfg. overhead 2.5 hours 3.00 7.50
Total std. cost per unit $54.50
Standard cost of direct materials per unit of product = 3 lbs x $4 per lb = $12 per unit.
Purchasing records show that in June, 6,500 lbs. of pewter were purchased at a cost
of $3.80 per pound. The cost included freight and handling. All of the materials
purchased was used during June to manufacture 2,000 lbs of pewter bookends.
Using the data, let us computer price and quantity variances.
Price and Quantity variances for Colonial Pewter
Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity
of inputs of inputs allowed for output
at Actual Price at Standard Price at Standard Price
(AQ x AP) (AQ X SP) (SQ x SP)
(1) (2) (3)
150 - 35 = 115
Isolation of Variances
At what point should variances be isolated
and brought to the attention of the
management?
Earlier the better.
What should management do?
Variances should be viewed as ‘red flags.”
Seek explanations for the reasons behind
variances and then decide, responsibility,
course of action.
Other relevant issues of Variance Analysis –
Time period comparison