Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter I
Elements of grammar
Issues
1. Introduction to Grammar
4. Parts of speech
5. Parts of a sentence
1 Introduction to Grammar
Grammar
In global sense
In narrow sense
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1 Introduction to Grammar
Grammar
In global sense
• equals competence, a body of knowledge that a
native speaker has about his/her language which
Inhim/her
enables narrowto sense
speak and understand it.
• includes word and sentence structure rules,
pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,
and discourse organization rules.
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1 Introduction to Grammar
In narrow sense
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discourse
sentence
phrase
word
morpheme
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hated
sentence enjoying
hated,
I actually felt tired of phrase enjoying
sitting doing nothing.
And I hated enjoying
the unemployment enjoy,
benefit. I found myself word -ing
useless. Then I decided
to look for a job.
morpheme
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• A single word
(E.g.: man, boy)
• Less than a word
(E.g.: terr in terror)
• More than one word
(E.g.: to rain dogs and cats)
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2 Morpheme - Word
E.g.: re/try
boy/s
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2 Morpheme - Word
E.g.: try
boy
turn
return
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2 Types of morphemes
Occurrence Free Bound
Types (words) (affixes)
Grammatical Function words: inflectional
prepositions, pronouns, (suffixes)
conjunctions....
typically occur away from the occur close to the root, before
root. inflectional morphemes.
Work in groups of 3
Each group make a list of 5
inflectional and 5 derivational
morphemes
The fastest group win the game
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E.g.: Non-stop
Predict
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E.g.: Economist
Grammatical
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E.g.: Goody-goody
Tick-tock
Seesaw
Wishy-washy
Tip-top
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4 Parts of speech
Parts of speech
4 Parts of speech
Parts of speech
4 Parts of speech
Parts of speech
4 Parts of speech
Parts of speech
Closed system
• comprises notional/ lexical words
Open class
adverbs
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4 Parts of speech
Parts of speech
Closed system
Features: Open class
• extendable number of members
• combinability
• having certain syntactic functions
• stressed words in spoken language
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4 Parts of speech
Decide if the following words belong
to closed-system or open class
blue open
head open
the closed
that closed
summarize open
which closed
you closed
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5 Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence
5 Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence
5 Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech
every day.
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5 Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech
Subject
What Predicate
helps to change a sentence into: Operator
- interrogative
E.g.: Do her parents visit her every day?
- negative
E.g.: Her parents do not visit her every day.
- emphatic
E.g.: Her parents do visit her every day.
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5 Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech
5 Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
Object
Complement
Adverbial
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5 Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
+ Cs (1)
Subject Intensive
+ A (obli)
(2)
Verb
intransitive
mono-transitive
Object Extensive
(3)
(4)
complex-transitive
Adverbial (6,7)
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5 Parts of a sentence
Subject (2)
He is crying. SV (3) intransitive extensive
Verb He broke the vase. SVO (4) transitive
5 Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject Stative Not progressive form
Complement
E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked.
Adverbial
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5 Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
direct (Od)
Object
indirect (Oi)
Complement
5 Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs)
5 Parts of a sentence
Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday. (Aopt)
Object
His birthday is on Tuesday. (A obli)
Complement
optional
Adverbial
obligatory
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Syntax
Syntax
Syntax
Syntax
Syntax
• Finite clause
E.g.: He took her out of the blue.
• Non-finite clause
E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents.
• Verbless clause
E.g.: If possible, come to see us.
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Syntax
• Superordinate
E.g.: She said that you hit her first.
subordinate
superordinate
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Syntax