PETROLEUM FLUIDS

MECHANISM

Instructor: ING KEUFEUG Dany

Email: dany.keufeug@isaemt.com Academic year 2018/2019
 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
 Presentation
5%
Class activities and Presence
10%
Mid-term exam
15%
Final exam
70%

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 DETAILLED CONTENTS OF COURSES
1- COMPONENTS OF NATURALLY OCCURING PETROLEUM FLUIDS
2- PHASE BEHAVIOR
3- EQUATIONS OF STATE
3-1 Ideal Gas
a) The Equation Of State For An Ideal Gas
b) Density Of An Ideal Gas
3-2 Mixtures of ideal gases
a) Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
b) Amagat’s Law of Partial Volumes
c) Apparent Molecular Weight Of A Gas Mixture

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 d) Specific Gravity Of A Gas
3-3 Behavior of real gases
a) The Compressibility Equation Of State
b) The Law of Corresponding State
c) The compressibilty equation of state for gas mixtures
d) Pseudocritical properties of Heptanes plus

4- THE FIVE RESERVOIR FLUIDS

5- PROPERTIES OF DRY GASES
6- PROPERTIES OF WET GASES
7- PROPERTIES OF BLACK OILS-DEFINITIONS

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 3- EQUATIONS OF STATE
Introduction
A gas may be defined as a homogeneous fluid of low density and low
viscosity, which has neither independent shape nor volume but expands
to fill completely the vessel in which it is contained. The properties of
gases differ considerably from the properties of liquids, mainly because
the molecules in gases are much farther apart than molecules in liquids.
In this chapter, we will consider several equations used to describe the
relationship between the volume of gas and its pressure and
temperature. We will use the term equation of state to mean an equation
which relate volume to pressure and temperature.

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 3-1 Ideal Gas

As a starting point in the study of equations of state of real gases, we will

consider a hypothetical gas known as an ideal gas.
An ideal gas has these properties:
• The volume occupied by the molecules is insignificant with respect to the
volume occupied by the gas.
• There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the molecules or
between the molecules and the walls of the container.
• All collisions of molecules are perfectly elastic, that is, there is no loss of
internal energy upon collision.

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 Boyle’s Equation

Boyle experimentally observed that the volume of an ideal gas is

inversely proportional to pressure for a given mass of gas when
temperature is maintained constant. This may be expressed as:

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 Charles’ Equation

Unpublished experimental work attributed to Charles led to the discovery

that the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to temperature for
a given mass of gas when pressure is maintained constant. Symbolically,

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 Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s law states that, under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure, equal volumes of all ideal gases contain the same number
of molecules. This is equivalent to the statement that at a given
temperature and pressure one molecular weight of any ideal gas
occupies the same volume as one molecular weight of any other ideal
gas.
There are 2,73*1026 molecules per pound mole of ideal gas.

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 a) The Equation Of State For An Ideal Gas
The equation of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro can be combined to give an
equation of state for an ideal gas.

Where P is pressure, V is volume of n mole of gas at temperature T, R

represent the universal gas constant, m is mass, M is the molecular weight and
v is the volume of one unit of mass, the specific volume
The numerical value of the constant R depends on the units used to express
the variable. Table 3-1 gives numerical values of R for various systems of units.

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EXAMPLE 3-1: Calculate the mass of methane gas contained at
1000 psia and 68°F in a cylinder with volume of
3.20 cu ft. assume that methane is an ideal gas.

Solution:

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 b) Density Of An Ideal Gas

Since density is defined as the mass of gas per unit volume, an

equation of state can be used to calculate the densities of a gas at various
temperatures and pressures. The equation for the density of an ideal gas
follows from equation 3-15,

EXAMPLE 3-2: calculate the density of methane at the conditions given in

Example 3-1. assume that methane is an ideal gas.
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Solution:

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 3-2 Mixtures of ideal gases
Since the petroleum engineer primarily is concerned with gas
mixtures, the laws governing the behavior of mixtures of ideal gases will
now be introduced.

a) Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is equal to the sum of

the pressures exerted by its components. The pressure exerted by each of
the component gases is known as its partial pressure. Dalton’s law
sometimes is called the law of additive pressures.

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 a) Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures cont’d
The partial pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture can
be calculated using the ideal gas equation. Consider a mixture containing
nA moles of component A, nB moles of component B, nC moles of
component C, and so on. The partial pressure exerted by each component
of the gas mixture may be determined as:

According to Dalton, the total pressure is the sum of the partial

pressures.

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 a) Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
The partial pressure of a component of a mixture of ideal gases is the
product of its mole fraction times the total pressure.

Remember that this is valid only for ideal mixtures of ideal gases.

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EXAMPLE 3-3: Calculate the partial pressure exerted by methane in the
following gas when the gas is at a pressure of 750 psia.
Assume that the gas is a mixture of ideal gases.

Solution:

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 b) Amagat’s Law of Partial Volumes
Amagat postulated that the total volume occupied by a gas mixture is
equal to the sum of the volumes that pure components would occupy at
the same pressure and temperature. This is sometimes called the law of
additive volumes.
The volumes occupied by the individual components are known as
partial volumes. This equation is correct only if the mixture and each of
the components obey the ideal gas equation.

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 b) Amagat’s Law of Partial Volumes cont’d
According to amagat the total volume is:

The ratio of the partial volume of component j to the total volume of

the mixture is:

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 c) Apparent Molecular Weight Of A Gas Mixture

Since a gas mixture is composed of molecules of various sizes, saying

that a gas mixture has a molecular weight is not strictly correct. However,
a gas mixture behaves as if it has a definite molecular weight. This
molecular weight is known as the apparent molecular weight and is
defined as

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EXAMPLE 3-4: Dry air is a gas mixture consisting essentially of nitrogen,
oxygen, and small amounts of other gases. Compute the
apparent molecular weight of air given its approximate
composition.

Solution:

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 d) Specific Gravity Of A Gas
The specific gravity of gas is defined as the ratio of the density of the
gas to the density of dry air with both measured at the same
temperature and pressure. Symbolically

Where yg is the specific gravity of the gas.

On the assumption that the behavior of both the gas and air may be
represented by the ideal gas equation, specific gravity may be given as

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 Where Mair is the apparent molecular weight of air and Mg is the
molecular weight of the gas. If the gas is a mixture, this equation becomes

Where Ma is the apparent molecular weight of the gas mixture. Note

that this equation is strictly true only if both the gas and air act like ideal
gases.
Often, specific gravity is called gravity or gas gravity; however, specific
gravity is the correct term.

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EXAMPLE 3-5: calculate the specific gravity of a gas of the following
composition.

Solution:

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 3-3 Behavior of real gases
Researchers have proposed hundreds of equations of state for real
gases. We will consider first the compressibility equation of state. This
equation of state is the one used most commonly in the petroleum
industry. This equation does have some limitation; therefore, we will
examine later several other equations of state which are used to a lesser
extent by petroleum engineers.

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 a) The Compressibility Equation Of State
The behavior of most real gases does not deviate drastically from the
behavior predicted by this equation. So the best way of writing an
equation of state for a real gas is to insert a correction factor into the
ideal gas equation. This results in

Where the correction factor, Z, is known as the compressibility factor

and the equation is known as the compressibility equation of state.
Compressibility factor is also known as gas deviation factor, or z-factor.

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 The Z-factor is the ratio of the volume actually occupied by a gas at
given pressure and temperature to the volume the gas would occupy at
the same pressure and temperature if it behaved like an ideal gas.

The Z-factor is not a constant. It varies with changes in gas

composition, temperature, and pressure. It must be determined
experimentally.
Z-factor for several hydrocarbon gases are given in following figures

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 b) The Law of Corresponding State
Notice that the shapes of the isotherms of compressibility factors for
the three gases given in Figures 3-2, 3-3, and 3-4 are very similar. The
realization that this is true for nearly all real gases led to the development
of the law of corresponding states and the definition of the terms
reduced temperature and reduced pressure. Reduced temperature and
reduced pressure are defined as:

The law of corresponding state says that all pure gases have the same Z-factor
at the same values of reduced pressure and reduced temperature.
Data for pure hydrocarbon gases such as those presented Figure 3-2, 3-3, 3-4
have been put on a reduced basis and are given as Figure 3-6.
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 c) The compressibilty equation of state for gas mixtures
The law of corresponding state has been extended to cover mixtures of
gases which are closely related. As was brought out in chapter 2, obtaining the
critical point for multicomponent mixtures is somewhat difficult; therefore,
pseudocritical temperature and pseudocritical pressure have been invented.
These quantities are defined as

These pseudocritical properties were devised simply for use in correlating

physical properties. Pseudocritical properties are not equal to the actual
critical properties of a gas mixture. Equation 3-42 are often called Kay’s
mixture rules. A somewhat more accurate method of calculating pseudocritical
properties is given in appendix B.
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 Physical properties of gas mixtures are correlated with pseudoreduced
temperature and pseudoreduced pressure in the same manner that
properties of pure gases are correlated with reduced temperature and
reduced pressure.

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 d) Pseudocritical properties of Heptanes plus
Pseudocritical pressures and pseudocritical temperatures for heptanes plus for
use in Equation 3-42 can be obtained from Figure 3-10.

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EXAMPLE 3-10: Determine a value of Z-factor for the dry gas given below
for use at 3810 psia and 194°F.

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Solution :
First, calculate pseudocritical properties.

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