HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD

ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY: HAROLD APALACIO

 Preparation of Plans
 Interpretation of Plan Surveys
 Highway Alignment
 Engineering Surveys for Highway Locations
 PREPARATION OF PLANS
• IT IS CONSIST OF FOUR DRAWINGS WHICH
SHOWS THE VARIOUS DETAIL OF AN AREA

PLAN I PLAN II

PLAN III PLAN IV

 PRESENTATION OF PLANS

PLAN II
PLAN I
It shows the distribution
- It shows the general of population groups
area plan

PLAN III
PLAN IV
It show the location of
places with their It shows the existing
respective quantities road network
of productivity
INTERPRETATION OF PLAN SURVEYS

- AFTER THE PRESENTATION OF PLANS,

INTERPRETATION OF PLAN SURVEYS WILL BE
DONE
 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERPRETING THE DATA
IN SCIENTIFIC WAY ARE THE FOLLOWING:
• To arrive at the road network, out of the several alternate
possible systems, which has the maximum utility.
• To fix up priority of the construction projects.
• To assess the actual road use by studying the traffic flow
patterns.
• A new structure may be designed using the data and the past
experience.
• This information may therefore suggest the areas of
immediate need for road network.
• This information may be useful in the future planning.
HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT

- THE ALIGNMENT IS THE POSITION OR THE

LAYOUT OF THE CENTER LINE OF THE HIGHWAY
ON THE GROUND.

- IT INCLUDES STRAIGHT PATH, HORIZONTAL

DEVIATION AND CURVES.
 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
• THERE ARE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF AN
IDEAL ALIGNMENT. THESE ARE THE
FOLLOWING:
 SHORT
 EASY
 SAFETY
 ECONOMY
 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
FACTORS CONTROLLING ALIGNMENT
OBLIGATORY POINTS
 TRAFFIC
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
ECONOMY
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
 FACTORS CONTROLLING ALIGNMENT

• OBLIGATORY POINTS
- THESE ARE POINTS THROUGH WHICH THE
ALIGNMENT HAS TO NECESSARILY PASS TO
MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF THE ROAD
THESE POINTS ARE BEING DIVIDED INTO TWO
CATEGORIES:
- OBLIGATORY POINTS THROUGH WHICH ALIGNMENT
IS TO PASS.
- OBLIGATORY POINTS THROUGH WHICH ALIGNMENT
SHOULD NOT PASS.
 OBLIGATORY POINTS

• OBLIGATORY POINTS THROUGH WHICH

ALIGNMENT IS TO PASS.
– BRIDGE SITE, INTERMEDIATE TOWN,
MOUNTAIN PASS AND ETC.
-TO CUT TUNNELS
ACROSS THE HILL
-TO GO ROUND THE
HILLS
-TO DEVIATE THE
SHORTEST AND
EASIEST PATH
 OBLIGATORY POINTS

• OBLIGATORY POINTS THROUGH WHICH

ALIGNMENT SHOULD NOT PASS.
- RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE, COSTLY STRUCTURE,
UNSUITABLE LAND ETC.

-RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES ARE BEING

PROTECTED BY LAW
-MASHY, PEATY, AND WATER LOGGED AREAS
ARE UNSUITABLE FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION.
 FACTORS CONTROLLING ALIGNMENT

• TRAFFIC – THE ALIGNMENT SHOULD SUIT TRAFFIC REQUIREMENTS.

• GEOMETRIC DESIGN – DESIGN FACTORS SUCH AS GRADIENT,

RADIUS OF CURVE, AND SIGHT DISTANCE ALSO GOVERN THE FINAL
ALIGNMENT OF THE HIGHWAY

• ECONOMY – BEFORE AN ALIGNMENT IS CHOSEN, TWO OR THREE

ALTERNATIVES ROUTES MAY HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED BEFORE
FINALIZING THE CHOSEN ALIGNMENT

• OTHER CONSIDERATIONS – DRAINAGE CONSIDERATION,

HYDROLOGICAL FACTORS, POLITICAL CONSIDERATION AND
MONOTONY.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION WHILE ALIGNING
ROADS ON HILLY AREAS
 STABILITY
 DRAINAGE
 GEOMETRIC STANDARD OF HILL ROADS
 RESISTING LENGTH
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION WHILE ALIGNING
ROADS ON HILLY AREAS
 STABILITY
- While aligning hill roads, special care
should be taken to align the road along
the side of the hill which is stable.
 DRAINAGE
- Avoid the cross drainage structure
- The number of cross drainage
structure should be minimum
 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION WHILE ALIGNING
ROADS ON HILLY AREAS
 GEOMETRIC STANDARD OF HILL ROADS
- Diff erent sets of geometric standards are followed
in hill roads with reference to gradient, curves, and
speed.
 RESISTING LENGTH
The resisti ng length of a road may be calculated
from the total work to be done to move the loads
along the route taking the horizontal length, the
actual diff erence in levels between the two stati ons
and the sum of ineff ecti ve rise and fall in excess of
fl oati ng gradient.
 ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR
HIGHWAY LOCATIONS
 Before a highway alignment is finalized
in highway project, the engineering
surveys are to be carried out. The
surveys may be completed in four stages.
 ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR
HIGHWAY LOCATIONS
 MAP STUDY
 RECONNAISSANCE
 PRELIMINARY SURVEY
 FINAL LOCATION AND DETAILED SURVEYS
 ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR
HIGHWAY LOCATIONS
 MAPS
- If the topographic map of the area is
available, it is possible to suggest the likely
routes of the road.
- The main features like rivers, hills,
valleys, etc. are also shown on these maps.
 MAPS
 The probable alignment can be located on the map
from the following details available on the map.
- Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds or lakes
- When the road has to cross a row of hills, possibility
of crossing through mountain pass.
- Approximate locati on of bridge site for crossing
rivers, avoiding bend of the river, if any,
- When a road is to be connected between two
stati ons, one of the top and the other on the foot of
the hill, then alternate routes can be suggested
keeping in view the permissible gradient; say the ruling
gradient.
 ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR
HIGHWAY LOCATIONS
 RECONNAISSANCE
The second stage of surveys for
highway location is the reconnaissance
to examine the general character of the
area for deciding the most feasible
routes for detailed studies.
 RECONNAISSANCE
 All relevant details not available in the map are
collected and noted down. Some of the details to be
collected during reconnaissance are given below:
 Valleys, ponds, lakes, marshy land, ridge, hills,
permanent structures and other obstructi ons along
the route which are not available in the map.
 Approximate values of gradient, length of the
gradients and radius of curves of alternate alignments.
 Number and type of cross drainage structures,
maximum fl ood level and natural ground water level
along the probable routes.
 RECONNAISSANCE
 Soil type along the routes from fi eld identi fi cati on
tests and observati on of geological features.
 Sources of constructi on materials, water and
locati on of stone quarries.
 When the road passes through hilly or
mountainous terrain, additi onal data regarding
the geological formati on, type of rocks, dip of
strata, seepage fl ow etc. may be observed so as to
decide the stable and unstable sides of the hill for
highway alignment.