B.

RULE OF MAJORITY (Plurality in Elections)

 The wishes of the majority prevails over those of the minority

C. ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE PUBLIC OFFICIALS

Art. XI Sec 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and
employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve
them with
utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice, and lead modest life

D. BILL OF RIGHTS
Declaration and enumeration of a person’s rights and
privileges which the Constitution is designed to protect
against violations by the government, or by an individual or
group of individuals.
 CLASSES OF RIGHTS:
1. Natural Rights- rights possessed by citizens without being granted by
the State (Example: Right to life)
2. Constitutional Rights- rights which are conferred and protected by the
constitution
Classification:
Political Rights
Civil Rights
Social and Economic Rights
Rights of the accused
3. Statutory Rights- rights which are provided by laws
promulgated by the law-making body
Example: Right to adopt a child by an unrelated person

E. LEGISLATURE CANNOT PASS IRREPEALABLE

LAWS

1. The essence of legislative power

to make laws as well as to alter or repeal them
 2. What is the consequence to the public welfare if the legislature enacts
irrepealable laws?

F. SEPARATION OF POWERS
Democratic State

The powers of government are divided into:

i) legislative
ii.) executive
iii.) judiciary
 Principle of checks and balances
 G. RENUNCIATION OF WAR

Sec 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of

national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of
international law of the land, and adheres to the policy of peace,
equality, freedom, cooperation and amity with all nations.
Independent Foreign Policy
Sec. 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy.
In its relations with other states the paramount consideration
shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national
interest, and the right to self-determination.

Nuclear-Free Policy
Sec. 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest,
adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons
in its territory.
FORMER U.S. MILITARY BASES
Art XVIII. Sec 25. After the expiration in 1991 of the
Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the
United States of America concerning Military Bases, foreign
military bases, troops, or facilities shall not be allowed in the
Philippines except under a treaty duly concurred in by the
Senate and, when the Congress so requires, ratified by a
majority of the votes cast by the people in a national referendum
held for that purpose, and recognized as a treaty by the other
contracting State.
 CASES:

1. Kuroda vs. Jalandoni (GR No. L-2662, March 26, 1949)

2. Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez (GR No. L-5 September 17, 1945
3. Ichong vs. Hernandez (GR No L-7995, May 31, 1957)
4. Gonzales vs. Hechanova (GR No. L-21897, October 22,
1963)
5. In re Garcia (August 15, 1961. 2 SCRA 964)
 H. SUPREMACY OF CIVILIAN AUTHORITY

Art. II Sec 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over

the military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the
protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the
sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national
territory.
CASE:
Manalo vs. Sistoza (GR No. 107369, August 11, 1999)