Anatomy of Phonation

Chapter 5
Perry C. Hanavan
 Phonation
• Phonation or
voicing
– Vibrating the
vocal folds in
the larynx
– Video Stroboscopy
of the Vocal Cords

• Subglottis
 Phonation
• Voiced
• Unvoiced

• Subglottal
 Bernoulli
• Bernoulli effect
– Inverse relationship
– Increase in air flow results
in air pressure decrease
– YouTube
– YouTube
 Summary of Phonation
• Phonation is the act of voicing
• Vocal fold vibrates
• Bernoulli effect
• Interaction between subglottal
pressure, elasticity of vocal folds, and
Bernoulli
 Larynx
• Musculo-
cartilaginous
structure located at
upper end of
trachea
• Valve
• Size varies with
age and gender
 Tour of Larynx
• Cartilaginous
structures
– Cricoid
– Thyroid
– Arytenoid
– Corniculate
– Epiglottis
 Osseous Structure
• Hyoid
 Inside the Larynx
• True vocal folds
• False vocal folds
• Laryngeal ventricle

Zemlin: Tour of the Larynx

Vocal Folds

Vocal folds in action

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Cricothyroid Muscle
• Pulls the thyroid
cartilage forward,
increasing the distance
between the thyroid
and arytenoid
cartilages
• Tenses the vocal cord
• Innervated by external
laryngeal branch of the
superior laryngeal
nerve (X)
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle
Draws the
muscular process
of the arytenoid
cartilage anteriorly,
which pivots the
arytenoid cartilage
and adducts the
vocal folds
Intrinsic Muscles
• Aryepiglottic Muscle
– Draws the epiglottis posteriorly and
downward during swallowing
• Oblique Arytenoid
– Draws arytenoid cartilages together
adducting vocal folds
• Transverse Arytenoideus Muscle
– Draws arytenoid cartilages together,
adducting vocal folds
• Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles
– Opens space between the vocal cords
(abduct) by rotating the arytenoids laterally
(abduct), causing the vocal cords to
separate opening the rima glottidis
• Thyroarytenoideus
– Draws arytenoid cartilage forward forward
relaxing and adducting the vocal folds
• Vocalis muscle
– relaxes segments of the vocal ligament
thereby adjusting voice pitch
Muscles of Approximation
 Muscle Review
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx
• Adductors
– Lateral cricoarytenoid
– Transverse arytenoid
– Oblique arytenoid
• Abductor
– Posterior cricoarytenoid
• Tensors
– Thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid)
– Cricothyroid, pars recta, and pars oblique
• Relaxers
– Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid)
• Auxiliary Musculature Thyroepiglotticus*
– Superior thyroarytenoid Thyroarytenoid Aryepiglotticus
Suprahyoid and Intrahyhoid Muscles
• Hyoid and laryngeal Elevators Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Geniohyoid
– Genioglossus Hyoglossus
– Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
– Digastricus anterior and posterior
• Hyoid and laryngeal Depressors
– Sternothyroid
– Sternohyoid
– Omohyoid
– Thyrohyoid
 Intrinsic Muscles
Intrinsic Muscle
  Comments
Name

  thyroarytenoid or vocalis muscle

posterior
 
cricoarytenoid

  lateral cricoarytenoid  
arytenoid
move the arytenoids with reference to one
  (oblique &
another
transverse)

  cricothyroid (check
 Extrinsic Muscles

  Extrinsic Muscle Name Joining these structures

  sternothyroid (sternum, thyroid cartilage)

  thyrohyoid (thyroid cartilage, hyoid bone)

inferior
  pharyngeal (bottom of the "throat", the pharynx)
constrictor
 Laryngeal Elevators

Elevator
  Joining these structures
Muscle Name

  stylohyoid (hyoid bone, styloid process)

 

(both sides of the jaw [forming the floor of

  mylohyoid
the mouth], hyoid bone)

  geniohyoid
 Intrinsic Muscles
• Larynx Anatomy Made Easy
• UAMS Anatomy
• Intrinsic Muscles
• Intrinsic Muscles
• Discover the Larynx
 Extrinsic Muscles
• Larynx Anatomy Made Easy
• Extrinsic Muscles
• Discover the Larynx
 Joints
• Discover the Larynx
• Zemlin Slides
 Nerves
• Discover the Larynx
 Common Disorders
• University of Pittsburgh
• Vocal Surgery