Appendicular Skeleton

Tanveer Saeed
Assistant Professor
AKU-SONAM
 Appendicular Division
• Girdles with their associated extremities
• Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
• Upper limb: humerus, ulna, radius, carpal
bones, hand
• Pelvic girdle: Os coxae
• Lower limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula,
tarsal bones, foot
 Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones
Pectoral girdle • Pelvic Girdle Coxal,
• (Clavicle (2) innominate, or hip
• Scapula (2) bones (2)
Upper Extremity ( 60 • Lower Extremity ( 60
bones) bones)
• Humerus (2) • Femur (2)
• Radius (2) • Tibia (2)
• Ulna (2) • Fibula (2)
• Carpals (16) • Patella (2)
• Metacarpals (10) • Tarsals (14)
• Phalanges (28) • Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
 UPPER EXTREMITY

• Pectoral Girdle
• Clavicle

• Joined to axial skeleton by articulation

with sternum (sternoclavicular joint)
• Articulates with scapula
(acromioclavicular joint).
 Pectoral Girdle
• The function of pectoral girdle is to
attach the upper limbs to the body and
serves as a point of origin for many
muscles that move the upper limb
(humerus), neck and trunk.
 B. Sternal End
Articulates with the Manubrium of the
Clavicle Sternum Joined to axial skeleton ----
sternoclavicular joint.

A. Acromial End
Articulates with the Acromion of the
Scapula, to form the acromioclavicular
joint
C. Impression for Costoclavicular Ligament
Attachment site for the ligament that comes
from the cartilage of the first rib

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 Scapula
•Shoulder blades.
Scapula- visible bone in the
back.
Borders; Medial, Lateral,
Superior.
Glenoid cavity – forms
articulation with head of
humerus. Lateral aspect.
Spine – Sharp ridge running
diagonally across posterior
surface.
Acromion Process – lateral
end of scapula spine,
articulates with clavicle
 Scapula cont’d

• Coracoid Process – projection on anterior

surface, muscle and ligament attachment.
• Suprascapular notch – “v” shaped on superior
margin for passage of nerves.
• Infraspinous fossa – inferior to spine
muscle attachment.
• Supraspinous fossa – superior to spine,
muscle attachment.
 Scapula (Shoulder Blades)
Coracoid Process Supraspinous fossa
Acromion Process – lateral end of
scapula spine, articulates with clavicle Superior

Spine
Suprascapular notch – “v” shaped on
superior margin for passage of nerves

Glenoid cavity Lateral

. Medial

Infraspinous fossa

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► 1:50► 1:50 m/watch?v=iDi4
FdHeL6A

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 Left Humerus
• (anterior - distal end • (posterior - distal
of Right humerus) end of right
humerus)
• 1. Medial • 1. Medial
epicondyle epicondyle
• 2. Trochlea • 2. Olecranon
• 3. Capitulum fossa 3.
• 4. Coronoid fossa • Trochlea
• 5. Radial fossa • 4. Lateral
epicondyle

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Radius and Ulna

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 Ulna and Radius
• Ulna
• Medial forearm bone.
• Trochlea notch
• Olecranon process – proximal,
posterior elbow
• Coronoid process .
• Radial notch – lateral inferior
proximal, head of radius
articulates.
• Head – distal end rounded
process articulates with
fibrocartilaginous disc at wrist.
• Styloid process – distal end
posterior surface
• radius
• Lateral forearm bone.
• Head – proximal end disk
shaped, articulates with
humeral capitulum, and with
radial notch of ulna.
• Radial tuberosity – medial
proximal aspect
• Ulna notch – distal medial
aspect
• Styloid process – distal end
protuberance
 Hand and wrist Bones

• Proximal row from

Lateral to medial;
Scaphoid,lunate
triquetrum,pisiform
• Distal row L to M; • The bones of the hand are
trapezium, trapezoid, called the metacarpal
capitate,hamate bones,these are the long bones
that lie within the palm of the
• Thumb or pollex hand.
contains a • The metacarpals attach to the
proximal and phalanges, which are the bones
distal only. in the fingers and thumb.
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 Lower Extremity
• Pelvic Girdle
• Coxal bones – large hip bones sacrum
and coccyx form basin of pelvic cavity.
Lower extremities attached to axial
skeleton.
• o Ilium
• o Ischium
• o Pubis
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Coxal Bone Medial View

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 Innominate Bone
• Ilium
• Superior flaring portion.
• Iliac spines
• ASIS – prominent projection, muscle
attachment
• AIIS - “ “ “ “
• PSIS - “ “ “ “
• PIIS - “ “ “ “
• Iliac crest – superior curving boundary.
• Greater Sciatic Notch – posterior inferior
surface, passage of sciatic nerve.
• Articular surface – roughened posteromedial
aspect for articulation of sacrum.
 Innominate Cont,d
• Ischium
• Inferior posterior.
• Ischial spine – pointed projection just superior to
tuberosity, muscle attachment.
• Ischial tuberosity – Large roughened surface.
• Pubis
• Medial, anterior section.
• Obturator foramen – large opening in anterior surface of
os coax formed by pubis and ischium, largest foramen in
the body.
• Pubic symphysis – cartilaginous joint between pubic
bones.
• Acetabulum
• Articulates with femoral head to form the hip joint, formed
by union of all three coxa bones, ilium, ischium, and
pubis
 Pelvic Girdle
• Inominate Bone
 Lower Extremity
• Refer Ross & Wison and Tortora for
reading.
Compare
Male and female pelvis
True and false pelvis
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 Femur
Bone Markings:
• Head – rounded proximal aspect articulates with acetabulum.
• Neck – constricted portion just inferior to the head.
• Greater trochanter- protuberance located inferiorly and laterally
to the head, muscle attachment.
• Lesser trochanter – smaller protuberance located inferiorly
and laterally to the head, muscle attachment.
• Lateral condyle – distal lateral, large rounded, for articulation
with tibia.
• Medial condyle – distal medial, large rounded, for articulation
with tibia.
• Patellar surface – distal, anterior surface for articulation of
patella.
• Medial & Lateral epicondyle – blunt projections from medial
and lateral sides of distal femur just superior to condyles, for
muscle attachment.

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 Patella

• Kneecap, a
sesamoid bone
located within
quadriceps tendon,
articulates with
Patella surface of
femur.
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 Tibia
• Medial bone of leg, weight bearing.
• Also called the shin bone
• Medial and Lateral condyles – bulging prominences at
proximal end, combined forms the tibial plateau for
articulation with femur.
• Tibial tuberosity – anterior proximal bulge just inferior
to tibial plateau for attachment of patella tendon.
• Medial malleolus – rounded projection points inferiorly
at distal end medially, for ligamentous attachment.
• Fibular notch – lateral distal aspect,articulates with
fibula.

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(right) the fibula and the tibia, bones of the lower leg.

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 Fibula

• Lateral leg bone, NON WEIGHT BEARING.

• It serves as an area for muscle attachment
• Head – proximal aspect, medial surface
articulates with tibia.
• Lateral malleolus – rounded prominence at
• distal end, with medial malleolus locks talus
bone in ankle joint.

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Bones of the Left Foot (Superior Aspect)
1. Calcaneus
2. Talus
3. Navicular
4. Cuboid

5. Cuneiform, First

Cuneiform,
6.
Second
Cuneiform,
7.
Third
8. Metatarsal
Proximal
9.
Phalange

10. Middle Phalange

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11. Distal Phalange
 Tarsus
• Rear foot bones.
• Talus
• Calcaneus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Cuneiforms; medial, intermediate, and lateral.
• Metatarsals
• Long bones of mid foot numbered 1 to 5 medial to
lateral.
• Phalanges
• Small long bones of the toes. Digits 2 to 5 contain
proximal, middle, and distal. Digit 1 (hallux) contains
only proximal and distal.
 Foot

• Naming and numbering of metatarsals and

phalanges analogous to hand
• Hallux has only two phalanges
 Summary of Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

Pelvis- pelvic girdle, sacrum, coccyx

• Coxal- ilium, ischium, pubis
• Acetabulium- hip socket
• Femur- upper bone in leg
• Tibia- inner lower leg bone
• Fibula- outer lower leg bone
• Patella- knee cap
• Tarsal bone (metacarpal and phalanges)