TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

& ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

By

DR. JEZREEL B. VICENTE,

CSP
Faculty of BSCrim, MSCrim and PhDCrim
University of Baguio

Certified Security Professional

Certified Criminalistic Specialist in Dactyloscpy
Specialist in Forensic Ballistics
Specialist in Police Photography
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Now Let’s take a look
on facts about the
Board Examination
 Traffic
Management &
Accident
Investigation
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION – is the movement or conveying of persons and
goods from one location to another.

NOMAD ( Greek) – to pasture. Refers to pastoralists, groups that

migrate in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their
domestic livestock.

2 types of nomads:

1. Who wonder in search for food.

2. Who observe annual cycle of pastures whose availability
determined by the alteration of hot and cold or wet and dry
season.
THE EARLY TYPES OF
TRANSPORTATION
 A.
MANPOWER
Early man who had no
domesticated animals carry
their own burdens.
 Examples of Manpower:

1. Carrying Pole - goods are carried by means of pole

2. Backload and Tumpline - goods are carried on the back
3. Sledge on Rollers
Moving heavy burdens on sledge which rested on a
series of rollers.
4. Sledge on Runners
Loads are carried on a sledge.
5. Travois
Device used by Native North Americans of the Great
Plains for transporting their tepees and household
goods. It consisted of two poles, lashed one on either
side of a dog or, later, a horse, with one end of each pole
dragging on the ground.
 B.
ANIMAL POWER
Domesticated animals were
used to carry loads
 Examples of Animal Power:

1. Ox – cattle which was first used to carry loads in

Mesopotamia
2. Reindeer - first domesticated in Siberia in the
beginning of Christian era. Deer draws sledge
3. Dog - the first domesticated animal used
to carry loads
4. Donkey – first domesticated in the Middle East.
Donkey caravan carry goods within Southwest Asia and
Egypt.
5. Llama - in pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the
only new world animal other than the dog capable of
domestication for transport.
6. Elephant – African Elephants were used by the
Carthaginians in their war against Rome. Elephants were
used to carry heavy loads.
7. Horse – In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled
vehicles and for riding for sometime until the introduction
of mechanized vehicles.
8. Camel - camel were used to carry loads. Two kinds of
camel: two-humped bactrian camel of Central Asia and
the one-humped dromnedary camel of Arabia.
9. Yak – a long-haired type of cattle that lives at high
altitude on the Tibetan plateau used to carry heavy loads
where horses could not survive.
 C.
WIND POWER
Man realized the energy from the mass
of moving air and learned to utilize such
power to lift rather than to drag. Origin
of air lifted transportation.
 Examples of Wind Power:

1. Ancient Chinese Kite

Based on Korean tradition, kites were first
used for transport when a Korean General used in
bridge building.
2. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter
Leonardo Da Vinci made study of the flight of birds.
He dicovered ornithopter which derives its principal
support and propelling from flapping wings like those of
birds.
3. Montgolfier Balloon
France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne
Montgolfier proposed to use balloon to transport
condemned prisoners. It is constructed with linen and
inflated with hot air.
4. Siemen’s Rocket Plane
Ernst Werner Von Siemens, an electric industrialist,
in 1874 designed rocket plane propelled by explosive
force of gun powder.
5. Lilienthal Glider
Otto Lilienthal, German inventor , like da Vinci, he
studied the flight of birds. His chiefwork was with
glider.
6. Santos Dumont’s Airship
Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian inventor who
designed a lighter than air-craft balloon called airship.
7. Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine
Orville and Wilbur Wright designed the
biplane kite.
8. Lindergh’s Spirit of St. Louis
Capt. Charles Lindergh made the solo flight in an
airplane from Paris to London in May 1927. the plane was
called “Spirit of St, Louis”.
 Review:
The Early Types of Transportation are:

A. Man power
B. Animal power
C. Wind power
 Roads and Vehicle History

Some Inventions that led to modern land

transportation:

A. Wheel – it was invented in Western Asia. It

was used in crude carts and wagons. It enabled
to transport burdens beyond the power of man
or animals to carry or drag.
 PARTS OF WHEEL
1. RIM - the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the
tire.“ It makes up the outer circular design of
the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire
is mounted on vehicles such as automobiles.

2. HUB - is the center of the wheel, and typically

houses a bearing, and is where the spokes
meet. HUBLESS WHEEL (also known as a rim-
rider or centerless wheel) is a type of wheel
with no center hub. More specifically, the hub is
actually almost as big as the wheel itself.
3. SPOKE - is one of some number of rods radiating from
the center of a wheel.
4. WIRE - The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked
wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire spokes.
Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still
used on many motorcycles. They were invented by
aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in
bicycles by James Starley.
5. TIRE (or TYRE) - is a ring-shaped covering that fits
around a wheel rim. The word itself may be derived
from the word "tie," which refers to the outer steel ring
part of a wooden cart wheel.
 WHEEL INVENTIONS
The wheel is everywhere on all our cars, trains,
planes, machines, wagons, and most factory and
farm equipment. What could we move without
wheels? But as important as the wheel is as an
invention, we don't know who exactly made the
first wheel.

The oldest wheel found in archeological

excavations was discovered in what was
Mesopotamia and is believed to be over 155
years old.
Examples:

1. Solid wheels on fixed axle – it is made up to single

piece of wood rotated on single axle.
2. Sumerian chariot with flank wheels - this chariot ,
of 2400 BC, had solid wheels built up of three pieces.
3. Spoked wheel – wheel with spokes, in Greek
quadrica
4. Roman Carpentum – a closed two-wheeled
cart
5. Italian cocchio – a travelling wagon in which
the passangers were protected by a covering of
leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.
B. Wheeled Vehicles - requires wider roads
for the movement.
C. The Invention of Bicycles – Hobby Horse
(19th Century) was one of the modern
ancestors of modern bicycles. The wheel were
made of wood, with tire of iron and riders push
themselves along with their feet on the
ground.
D. Motor Vehicle – the first transportation
- Etienne Lenoir (1860) – motorized
carriage, Internal combustion engine.
MILESTONE OF
TIRE/TYRE
• 1844 Charles Goodyear - invented vulcanization, the process used to
produce cured rubber tires.

• 1846 Robert William Thomson - invented and patented, but could not sell
his pneumatic tire design

• 1887 John Boyd Dunlop - invented and patented a pneumatic tire for use
on his son's tricycle

• 1889 Dunlop's pneumatic tire - patented in the UK and the US on

September, 1890

• 1890 Dunlop and partner William Hrvey Du Cros - begin production of

pneumatic tires in Ireland.

1891 Dunlop's patent - invalidated in favor of the earlier Thomson patent

• 1898 Frank Seiberling - starts Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Company in Akron, Ohio

• 1888 Michelin Tire Company incorporated on May 28,

• 1946 The radial tire was invented by Michelin

• 1924 Goodyear acquired Zeppelin patents, making possible

construction of rigid airships.
• 1937 Goodyear built and tested first American-made synthetic
rubber tire
• 1947 Goodyear introduces first nylon tires
1999 Dunlop Rubber Company becomes a subsidiary of
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
INVENTORS
 John Boyd Dunlop
1. Born Feb 5 1840, Died on Oct. 23, 1921.

2. Scottish inventor of Pneumatic Tire and was patented

on Dec. 7, 1888. He was one of the founders of the
rubber company that bore his name, Dunlop
Pneumatic Tyre Company.

3. In the year 1889, the patent Dunlop was declared

invalid because Scottish inventor Robert William
Thomson made inventions earlier
 Nikolaus August Otto

1. Born June 14, 1832 in Nassau. Died on Jan. 26, 1891 in

Cologne.

2. German inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to

efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. He is known
as the inventor of Gas Engine.

3. Though the concept of four strokes had been theorized in

1861 by Alphonse Beau de Rochas, Otto was the first to
make it practical.
Otto engine
 Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir

1. also known as Jean J. Lenoir

2. Born Jan. 12, 1822, Died Aug. 4,1900

3. Belgian engineer who developed the internal

combustion engine in 1858.
 Gotlieb Daimler & Wilhelm Maybach
1. In 1889 Daimler and Maybach placed their engine into a
horse carriage and drove the car at speed of 11 miles per
hour.

2. They produced the first four-wheeled automobile.

3. After the men had devised a four-speed gearbox and a

belt-drive mechanism to turn the wheels they decided to
sell these cars.
 Gotlieb Daimler
1. Gottlieb Daimler started with Daimler's wooden-
framed "bone crusher“ motorcycle until he
partnered with Karl Benz to form the Daimler-
Benz Corporation and produced the first
motorcycles.
2. The invention of first motorcycle was credited to
Gottlieb Daimler in 1885.
Daimler's wooden-framed Bone crusher
 Rudolf Diesel
1. In 1898, Rudolf Diesel was granted patent #608,845 for an
"internal combustion engine" known as the Diesel engine.

2. The diesel engines of today are refined and improved versions

of Rudolf Diesel's original concept. They are often used in
submarines, ships, locomotives, and large trucks and in
electric generating plants.

3. Rudolf Diesel was almost killed by his engine when it

exploded. However, his engine was the first that proved that
fuel could be ignited without a spark. He operated his first
successful engine in 1897.
Diesel Engine
 Felix Wankel
• Developed an advance type of engine that
operates very differently from gas and diesel
engines.
• The Wankel engine is a type of internal
combustion engine using an eccentric
rotary design to convert pressure into a rotating
motion instead of using reciprocating pistons.
Wankel Engine
 Traffic Management
1. Management –the skillful use of means to
accomplish an objective.

2. Operation – the course or series of acts to effect

a certain purpose; manner of action; or a vital or
natural process.

3. Traffic – ( French trafique/Italian traffico) which

means to carry on trade, of uncertain origin.
It refers to the movement of persons, goods
or vehicles, either powered by combustion system
or animal drawn, from one place to another for
the purpose of travel.
 …Traffic Mgt
4. Traffic Way – refers to the entire width between
boundary lines of every way or place of which
any part is open to the use of public purposes of
vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.

5. Roadway – the part of the traffic way where

vehicles pass.

6. Shoulder – the sides of roadway, specially along

highways.
Major Causes of Traffic Congestion

1. Physical Inadequacy
2. Poor Control Measures
3. Human Errors
4. Poor Maintenance
 …Major causes of traffic congestion

1. Physical inadequacy – characterized by

lack of roads, with lack of facilities.

2. Poor control measures – characterized by

ineffective mechanical control devices,
inefficient traffic officers, poor
implementation of traffic laws and
ordinances.
 …Major causes of traffic congestion

3. Human Errors – Includes poor driving

habits, pedestrian mistakes, officer’s
errors, poor planning, poor legislation.

4. Poor Maintenance – Includes unrepaired

diggings, cracks on roads.
Scope of Traffic Management

1.All public surface facilities traversing and

parking and all types of conveyances for the
movement of persons and tings

2.All agencies having responsibilities for

ascertaining traffic flow requirements,
planning and etc..

3.All agencies responsible for licensing,

approving, restricting, stopping, prohibiting
or controlling the use of these facilities;
Agencies Involved in Traffic Management:
1. DOTC
2. City of Municipal Engineer’s Office
3. DPWH
4. Legislative
5. PNP - HPG
6. Academic Institutions
7. Courts
8. Public Information Offices
9. Citizen Support Groups
10.Media
11.Other Agencies
The Dep’t of Transportation
and Communications (DOTC)
The Dep’t of Transportation and Communications (DOTC)

The DOTC is the primary policy, planning, programming,

coordinating, implementing and administrative entity of
the executive branch of the government on the
promotion, development and regulation of a
dependable and coordinated network of transportation
and communications systems, as well as in the fast,
safe, efficient and reliable transportation and
communications services.
• The DOTC is the biggest among the executive
departments.
• The Department covers road, rail, air, water and
communications sectors. To carry out its
mandate, the Department has fifteen (15)
attached agencies / corporations and three (3)
line / sectoral offices.
 What are the 3 sectoral offices under DOTC?

1. THE LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO)

2. THE LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING AND

REGULATORY BOARD (LTFRB)

3. THE PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD (PCG)

1. THE LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO)
• The LTO promotes the safety and comfort of the
traveling public with respect to motor vehicles.
• The LTO is also tasked with collecting various
fees from the registration of motor vehicles, the
issuance of licenses to qualified motor vehicle
drivers, the collection of fines and penalties for
motor vehicle related infractions, and the sale of
motor vehicle license plates.
Head: Assistant Secretary Virginia P. Torres
2. THE LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING AND
REGULATORY BOARD (LTFRB)
• The LTFRB was created by virtue of an Executive order
issued on June 19, 1987, with the goal of simplifying
the land transportation industry franchising system.
• Since the creation of the LTFRB, the issuance of
franchises for land transport operators has become
more stringent, resulting in higher safety standards for
land travel. Technical evaluation staff ensure that
operating and safety standards of commercial and
private vehicles are observed, prior to the issuance of
operating franchises.
Head: Chairman Jaime D. Jacob
3. THE PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD (PCG)
The PCG is primarily tasked with safeguarding life
and property at sea, protecting marine resources
and the environment, and assisting in the
enforcement of maritime laws within the
Philippines jurisdiction.

Head: Commandant Adm. Edmund C. Tan

 What are the attached agencies to DOTC?
1. OFFICE FOR TRANSPORTATION SECURITY
(OTS)
2. CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF THE
PHILIPPINES (CAAP)
3. MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
AUTHORITY (MIAA)
4. CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB)
5. MACTAN-CEBU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
AUTHORITY (MCIAA)
6. PHILIPPINE AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION (PADC)
7. TOLL REGULATORY BOARD (TRB)
9. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS
(PNR)
10.LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT TRANSIT
AUTHORITY (LRTA)
11.NORTH LUZON RAILWAYS
CORPORATION (NLRC / Northrail)
12.PHILIPPINE PORTS AUTHORITY (PPA)
13.MARITIME INDUSTRY AUTHORITY
(MARINA)
14.CEBU PORTS AUTHORITY (CPA)
15.PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE
ACADEMY (PMMA)
 TOPIC SUMMARY

1. DOTC is the biggest executive

department.
2. There are 3 sectoral offices under DOTC.
3. There are also 15 attached agencies to
DOTC.
THE PILLARS OF
TRAFFIC
 The Pillars of Traffic
1. Traffic Engineering

The science of measuring traffic and travel the

study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law
and generation. It refers to the professional practice
of planning, des:ciding, and operating traffic system
to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons
and goods.

a. Functions
- fact-finding, survey
- supervision and maintenance
- planning of traffic regulation
b. Agencies Involved
- DPWH
- Provincial Government

c. Objectives
- to prevent traffic accident
- to achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic
- to simplify police enforcement actions and
performance
- to show good police actions and performance
makes engineering plans effective
- to present the close relationship of the pillars of
traffic in the improvement of traffic problems.
2. Traffic Education

It is the process of giving training and practice in

the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.

a. Agencies responsible
- Schools
- Public Information Programs
- Citizen Support Groups
3. Traffic Enforcement

This pillar deals with the enforcement or

implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulations.

a. Agencies Responsible
- LTO ( licensing, registration and inspection)
- Legislative bodies
- Police Traffic Enforcement
4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment

This is a recent pillar of traffic management deals with the

environmental safety against :

a. Noise
b. Vibration
c. Air pollution
d. Dirt
e. Visual Intrusion
f, loss of privacy
g. changes in the amount of light
h. others
Laws related to Traffic Ecology:

1. PD 1181 – refers to the prevention, control and abatement of

air pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes.

“Sec. 1. The purpose is to prevent, control and abate the

emission of air pollutants from motor vehicles in order to protect
the health and welfare of the people and to prevent or minimize
damage to property and hazards to land transportation.”

2. LOI 551 – directing the law enforcement agencies to

implement the pollution control program;

3. RA 8749 – otherwise known as clean air act. This provides

the regulation of motor vehicles emiting toxic gases like the
use of the diesel and leaded gasoline
5. Traffic Economy

This is the most recent pillar of traffic

management which deals with the benefits and
adverse effect of traffic to our country. Traffic
operation is designed to expedite the movement
of traffic. Traffic congestion adversely affect the
economic status of the commuting public.
 Topic summary
The 5 E’s of Traffic are:
1. Engineering
2. Education
3. Enforcement
4. Ecology/ Environment
5. Economy
 R.A. 4136
Land Transportation and Traffic
Code in the Philippines
 Terms under RA 4136
1. Motor Vehicle - any vehicle propelled by any
power other than muscular power using the
public highways.
– but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-
sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers,
graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if
not used on public highways, vehicles which run
only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and
traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for
agricultural purposes.
2. Articulated vehicle - any motor vehicle with a trailer
having no front axle and so attached that part of the
trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a substantial part
of the weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by
the motor vehicle.
3. Driver - every and any licensed operator of a motor
vehicle.
4. Professional driver - every and any driver hired or paid
for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for
private use or for hire to the public.
5. Gross weight - the measured weight of a motor vehicle
plus the maximum allowable carrying capacity in
merchandise, freight and/or passenger.
6. Highways - every public thoroughfare, public
boulevard, driveway, avenue, park, alley and
callejon, but shall not include roadway upon
grounds owned by private persons, colleges,
universities, or other similar institutions.
7. Parking or parked - shall mean that a motor
vehicle is "parked" or "parking" if it has been
brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper
edge of a highway, and remains inactive in that
place or close thereto for an appreciable period
of time.
Registration of Motor Vehicles (Art II, RA 4136)
1. All MV must be registered to be authorized to use
public highways.
2. MV not renewed shall be considered delinquent or
invalid.
3. Application and payments for registration maybe made
personally or by registered mail.
4. Tourists who brought their MV with them here in the
Phils need NOT to register and it can be used up to 90
days only. If more than 90 days of stay, tourists are
required to register their MV. MV of tourists shall be
categorized as SPECIAL not Private/Gov’t.
 Schedule of registration fees (Art II, RA 4136)
1. Registration fees to be paid shall be based on the gross
weight of every motor vehicle.
Example: 1,000 kilos or less = P75.00
1,000 to 1,500 kilos = 100.00
1,501 to 2,000 kilos = 135.00
2,001 kilos and above = 180.00

2. The factory or shipping weight of a private automobile

shall be obtained from the Red Book edited by the
National Market Report, Inc., of the United States of
America.
3. In the case of automobiles with altered, changed or
rebuilt bodies, the weight is obtained by actual
weighing the MV.

4. No motor vehicle and/or trailer combination shall

exceed 18 Meters in overall projected length, including
any load carried on such vehicle and trailer.

5. No articulated vehicles shall be allowed to draw or pull a

trailer and no vehicle already drawing a trailer shall draw
another.
Special permits given to DPWH:
1. To operate a motor vehicle or trailer outfit with wheel,
axle, or axle group loads in excess of the limits.
2. To operate a motor vehicle the size of which exceeds
the limit of permissible dimensions (approx 2.5m
width & 4m height)
3. To operate a motor vehicle with any part of the load
extending beyond the projected width of the vehicle
(more than 1m).
4. To pull two trailers behind a motor vehicle.
5. For any other special authority relating to the use of
vehicles, not otherwise specifically provided herein.
 Art II. Overtaking and Passing a Vehicle,
and Turning at Intersections

Sec 39. Overtaking a vehicle - The driver of any

motor vehicle overtaking another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction shall pass at a
safe distance to the left

Sec 40. Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle -

The driver of a vehicle about to be overtaken and
passed by another vehicle approaching from the
rear shall give way to the overtaking vehicle.
 ARTICLE III
Right of Way and Signals

RIGHT OF WAY - This principle refers to the legal or

customary precedence (priority in time and
place) which allows one vehicle to cross or pass
in front of another.

SIGNALS – refers to mechanical devises (such as

horns, rear and back lights) and visual signals
(hand signals).
 Rules of Right of Way (Sec. 42, RA 4136)
1. When two vehicles approach or enter an intersection at approximately the
same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way
to the vehicle on the right;

2. The driver of a vehicle approaching but not having entered an

intersection, shall yield the right of way to a vehicle within such
intersection or turning therein.

3. The driver of any vehicle upon a highway within a business or residential

district shall yield the right of way to a pedestrian. Every pedestrian
crossing NOT on crosswalk shall yield the right of way to vehicles upon
the highway.

4. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall bring to a full stop such
vehicle before traversing any "through highway" or railroad crossing.
 Analyze the
following illustrations
Highway

Highway
Exception to the right of way rule (Sec 43, RA 4136)
1. The driver of a vehicle entering a highway from a private road
or drive shall yield the right of way to all vehicles approaching
on such highway.

2. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of

way to police or fire department vehicles and ambulances when
such vehicles are operated on official business and the drivers
thereof sound audible signal of their approach.

3. The driver of a vehicle entering a "through highway" or a "stop

intersection" shall yield the right of way to all vehicles
approaching to either direction on such "through highway."
See illustrations
in the next slides
 Main Highway

Private
Driveway
FIRETRUCK
 E.O. No. 1 Series of 2011
No. Coding Scheme
1-2 Monday
3-4 Tuesday
5-6 Wednesday
7-8 Thursday
9-0 Friday

No Coding on Sundays
Odd-Even Scheme

1,3,5,7,9 Mon, Wed and Fri

2,4,6,8,0 Tues, Thurs and Sat

No Coding Sunday
 TOPIC SUMMARY
1. RA 4136 is the primary transportation and
traffic code in the country.

2. Rule on overtaking and if being overtaken.

3. There are 4 rules on right of way, with 3

exceptions.
4. Fire, Police and ambulances are given priority on
highways when on official response to an
emergency.
5. E.O No. 1 S. 2011 provides for the number coding
and odd-even scheme
DRIVER’S LICENSE
 DRIVER’S LICENSE
1. DL must be acquired before operating any MV.

2. DL must be carried at all times while operating MV.

3. DL is non transferable (it cannot be used by another

authorizing him to drive any MV).

4. License for enlisted men operating Government motor

vehicles must bear in their license “For Government Vehicle
Only.” They are also allowed to their private-owned MV.
6. The applicant's sight and hearing must be normal,
and maybe required a certificate from a reputable
physician.

7. No person shall be issued a professional driver's

license who is suffering from highly contagious
diseases, such as, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, syphilis,
and the like.
Basic Information on Drivers License

Driver’s License – an authority granted to a

qualified individual to operate a motor vehicle.

General Types of DL

1. Professional – issued to an individual whose

means of living is driving
2. Non-professional – issued to an individual to
drive MV without compensation
3. Student Driving Permit – issued to an individual
who desires to learn to operate MV
 Validity of Driver’s License
Student Driver’s Permit (SDP) – valid for 1 year from date
of issuance. After 1 month, it can be renewed to Non-
Professional DL. After 4-6 months, it can be renewed to
Professional DL.
Professional /Non-professional DL - valid for 3 years. It will
expire on the 4th birthdate of the licensee commencing from
the date of issuance.
A.Issuance of D.L. BEFORE Birthdate
Date of issue ……………. June 1, 2009
Driver’s Birthday ………... 10 June 1982
1st Bday ………………. 10 June 2009
2nd Bday ………………. 10 June 2010
3rd Bday ………………. 10 June 2011
4th Bday ………………. 10 June 2012 ( Expiry date)
B. Issuance of DL AFTER Birthdate

Date of issue …………… 10 November 1991

Driver’s Birthday ………. 19 August 1944
1st Bday …………….. 19 August 1991
2nd Bday ……………. 19 August 1992
3rd Bday ……………. 19 August 1993
4th Bday ……………. 19 August 1994 (Expiry date)
Restriction Codes:

1 – Motorcycle/motorized tricycles
2 – Vehicle up to 4500kg GVW
3 – Vehicle above 4500kg GVW
4 – Automatic clutch up to 4500kg GVW
5 – Automatic clutch above 4500kg GVW
6 – Articulated vehicle up to 1600kg GVW
7 – Articulated vehicle from 1601 kg to 4500kg GVW
8 – Articulated vehicl from 4501kg and above GVW
9 – Disabled

Conditions:

A – wear eye glasses

B – drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
C – Drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
D – Daylight driving only
E – Accompanied by person with normal hearing
Requirements:

1. Must be at least 18 for Professional

17 for Non-Professional
16 for Driving Permit
2. Physically and mentally fit
3. Can read and write Filipino/English
4. Valid license ( Ex: SDP- 1 month)
5. Medical Certificate
6. Written and actual examination
7. License fee
8. Drug Test
 PROCESSING TIME OF LICENSE
1. New DL & other transactions with exam –
240 Min
2. Renewal/ Duplicate and other transaction
w/o exam – 120 Min
3. Oversea Filipino Worker DL – 30 Min
4. Student Permit – 30 Min
--No noon break Policy ---
REQUIREMENTS IN TAKING
EXAMS:

1. Duly registered Motor Vehicle with

valid OR/CR
2. Note: The actual Driving Exam
shall be conducted the same day
after passing the written exam.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RENEWAL
OF NON-PROF AND PROF D.L.
1. Current Non-Prof or Prof D.L. due to expire
or expired but not more than 2 years.
2. Duly accomplished form
3. Medical Certificate with O.R. (from LTO
accredited Physician)
4. Negative Drug Test Result (from DOH
accredited Testing Center/ Govt Hospital)
 FEES AND CHARGES
License fee P 350
Computer fee P 67.63
Total P 417.63
PENALTY IF EXPIRED:
1 day to 1 year P 75.00
1 yr. & 1 day to 2 yrs P 67.63
More than 2 years P 225.00 and shall
undergo written and actual
examinations.
 WHEN TO RENEW
60 days – prior to expiration of license, is
allowed to be renewed.

4 months – before expiration of license, is

allowed to apply for a license due to
LOST or DUPLICATE.
ADDITIONAL FEES/CHARGES

P100 – to be paid if you change your name,

birthdate, address and/or civil status.

Note: Student Permit is not a Driver’s

License
PLATE NUMBERS
Basic Information on Motor Vehicle Registration
and
Motor Vehicle License Plates
Administrative Order No. 84AO-003 – provides
the System of Operation in the monthly staggered
registration of motor vehicle.

The last digit of the license plate determines the

monthly schedule of registration of the MV and the
middle digit determines the working days within
the week when the MV Registration shall be
renewed.
 Middle Digit:
Last Digit:
1-2-3 - 1st week of registration month
(any working day from 1st to 7th
1 – January day of registration month)
2 – February
4-5-6 – 2nd week of registration
3 – March month (any working day from 8th to
4 – April 14th day of the registration month)
5 – May
7-8 – 3rd week of registration month
6 – June (any working day from 15th to
7 – July 21st day of the registration month)
8 – August
9-0 – 4th week of the registration
9 – September month (any working day from 22nd to
0 – October 31st day of the registration month)
ABC 123
PHILIPPINES 2000
ABC 123
PHILIPPINES 2000

1st week March

Batas Pambansa 43, s-1979 – provides policies on
the calssification of MV.

General MV Classification:

1. PRIVATE MV – vehicles which are registered for

private use.

JBV
143
MATATAG NA REPUBLIKA
2. FOR HIRE MV – vehicles authorized to
operate as public utilities by virtue of certificates
of public conveyance.

RMB 888 PI LI PI NAS

RMB 888 PI LI PI NAS

3. GOVERNMENT MV – vehicles owned by the
government of the Philippines, including
government owned and controlled corporations.

JEZ 501
PI LI PI NAS

JEZ 5O1PI LI PI NAS

4. DIPLOMAT MV – vehicles owned by
foreign government

18241
FILIPINAS

18241
FILIPINAS
4. COMMEMORATIVE PLATES – plates issued to
groups, organizations or associations subject to the
approval of the Office of the President.

RP 124
15TH ASEAN SUB-COMMITTEE
JUNE 15-17, 1992

What is the Proper Display

for Commemorative Plate?
Other Known Commemorative
Plates in the Phils:
1. PPSC
2. PMA
3. CSG
4. PNP
5. And many more
PROTOCOL PLATE DESIGNATIONS

PLATE NO. OFFICE

1 ………………… President
2 ………………… Vice President
3 ………………… Senate President
4 ………………… Speaker of the House
5 ………………… Chief Justice
6 ………………… Cabinet Secretaries
7………………… Senators
8…………………. Congressmen
9………………… Associate Justice
10……………….. Presiding Justice
11……………….. COMELEC
12……………….. Cabinet Undersecretaries
13……………….. NO DESIGNATION
14……………….. Chief of Staff
15……………… NO DESIGNATION
16…………….. … Court Judges
 REVIEW
1. Green – Private
2. Red – Government
3. Yellow – for Hire
 Other Laws Relative to MV

1.PD No. 96 – law the regulates the use of

sirens and blinkers.

2.PD No. 612 – law that requires compulsory

insurance of MV before registration

3.PD No.1181 – law that provides the

abatement of air pollution from MV

4.PD No. 1686 – law that imposes tax on MV

with air conditioning unit
 …other laws
5. RA 5448 – Imposing tax on private MV

6. RA 8749 – Clean air act which regulates

emission of toxic gases

7. RA 8750 – seat belt law

8. RA 7924 – MMDA law

GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND
SPEED LIMIT: CONDUCT
Cars/MC MT/Buses
1. Open country roads
with no blind corners 80km/hr 50km/hr
2. Thoroughfare street/blvd
with no blind curves 40km/hr 30km/hr
3. City/mpl streets with
light traffic 30km/hr 30km/hr
4. Through crowded sts,
appr. Intersection at
blind curves, passing
school zones or for
similar dangerous
circumstances 20km/her 20km/hr
LATERAL PLACEMENT:

Positioning of MV while traversing on a traffic way

LATERAL PLACEMENT:

Parallel Parking along Traffic way

LATERAL PLACEMENT:

Diagonal Parking along traffic way.

OVERTAKING AND PASSING

In overtaking and passing, a driver should

pass at a safe distance to the left of the
vehicle being overtaken.
OVERTAKING AND PASSING

It would be wrong and dangerous to pass on

the outer/right side of the vehicle being
overtaken.
 ROAD MARKS
These are pavement markings that pertain
to all lines, patterns, words, colors or other
gadgets set into the surface or applied upon
or attached to the pavement or curbing or to
objects within or adjacent to the roadway,
officially placed for the purpose of regulating,
warning or guiding traffic.
1. Two-lane One way street – both vehicles
are traversing toward the same direction
2. Two-lane Two way street – both vehicles
are traversing on the opposite direction
3. Four-lane Two way street – two vehicles are
traversing toward the same direction while two
other vehicle are traversing toward opposite
direction separated by a solid line .
4.Single White dotted line – overtaking is
allowed at anytime when clear
5. Single Continuous line – overtaking or
passing is only allowed when there is no
oncoming vehicles, not safe to pass
6. Double Continuous line – overtaking or
passing is not allowed .
 TRAFFIC LIGHTS
These refer to any power operated traffic
control device by which traffic is warned or
directed to take some specific actions.
Traffic light signals are used to control
traffic at junctions and also to stop traffic to
provide safe crossing points for
pedestrians.
Standard Traffic Light Signal
Steady Red
STOP at the
designated line
Steady Green
GO or PROCEED.
Vehicles must go
straight.
Steady Yellow
PREPARE TO STOP
Do not beat a yellow
light.
Flashing Red
Bringing vehicle to
STOP at the
designated line and
proceed only when
clear.
Flashing Yellow
Yield sign. Proceed
through the
intersection with
caution..
Flashing Green
Vehicles facing this
signal are permitted to
turn left or go through
while opposing traffic
faces red signal..
HAND
SIGNALS
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
 TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATIO
When we deal
N
with traffic
accident
investigation, we
wanted to know
WHAT WENT
WRONG?
Purposes of Traffic Accident Investigation

1. Everyone involved is curious about the cause

and circumstances of the accident

2. For the Police – to find out whether the is

enough evidence of law violation in the accident

3. Insurance claims

4. Officials wanted to know specific information

about the incident to formulate policies in the
prevention of the same.
 5 Levels of Activities in Accident Investigation

1. Reporting – it involves basic data collection to identify and

classify a motor vehicle, traffic and persons, property and
planned movements involved.
2. Scene Investigation – involves all action taken by the
investigator at the scene of the crime or accident.
3. Technical Preparation – involves delayed traffic accident
data collection and organization for study and interpretation.

4. Professional Reconstruction – involves effort to determine

from whatever information is available, how the accident
happened.

5. Cause Analysis – involves the final analysis on the cause

of accident.
SKIDMARKS AS TOOL IN TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Skidmarks are
tire impression
on road surface a
result of sudden
application of
brakes.
IMPLICATIONS OF SKIDMARKS

1. Estimates of speed based on skidmarks may lead to

convictions; or knowing how to estimate speed
correctly may help keep an innocent person from
being convicted.

2. Measurements of skidmarks gives idea on how fast

the car which left these marks was going before the
accident

A test on skid marks resulted to measure 20 ft long

skidmarks at 20 mile per hour.

So if a skid mark measures 10 ft long, the vehicle must

be running 10 miles per hour.
 OTHER TIRE MARKS

1. Centrifugal skidmark – a marking on a road

surface left by a rotating tire on a curve when the
speed of the vehicle is above the critical speed.
(Sobra arangkada, Kurbada)
2. Impending skidmarks – marks caused by
forward rotation of the wheels being slower than
the forward movement of the vehicle. (Mabilis
Gulong, Bagal Sasakyan)

3. Yawn mark – a gape caused by a rotating tire

which is slipping. (Nababaon and gulong)
 …tire marks…
4. Skid mark - is the mark a tire makes when a
vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins
on the surface of the road.

a) Side skid mark –left by the tire and wheel of

a vehicle sliding sideways usually when MV
is swerving.

b) Gap Skid – a braking skid mark which is

interrupted by release and reapplication of
brakes or which terminates by release of
brakes before collision.
 SKIDMARKS AS EVIDENCE IN
ACCIDENT CASES

Skidmarks will:

1. Aid in determining the speed of the vehicle prior to the

collision

2. Show the direction of travel of the vehicle

3. Indicates whether the driver failed to observe the right

of way

4. Show if the driver did not obey traffic signals

 KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

1.Non-motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – an

accident in a Traffic Way involving any
person other than any motor vehicle.

2.Motor Vehicle Non-traffic Accident – any

MV accident occurs in any place, NOT in a
Traffic Way.

3.MV Traffic Accident – an accident

involving MV in a Traffic Way.
CAUSES OF MV TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
1. Simultaneus Factors
a. Road conditions
b. Driver’s attitude or behavior
c. Weather condition
2. Sequential Factors
a. Speed is greater or less than safe
b. defective vehicle
3. Operational Factors
a. Road hazards
b. Driver’s non-compliance to traffic rules
4. Perception Factors
a. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation
b. Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN
A VEHICULAR
ACCIDENT
 CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

1. PERCEPTION HAZARD – it is seeing, feeling, or

hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected
movement or condition that could be taken as sign of
the accident about to happen.
2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the first action taken
by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or
otherwise avoid a hazard.

The blue vehicle slows down and maneuvers to

the right to avoid collision.
 3. INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental touching of
an object collision course or otherwise avoids a
hazard.

Initial contact occurs when despite the initial actions

taken by the blue vehicle, the red vehicle collided with it.
4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the greatest collapse or
overlap in a collision. The force between the traffic unit and
the object collided with are greatest at maximum
engagement.

After the initial contact, due to the speed of the red vehicle, the
two colliding vehicles overlapped each other.
5. DISENGAGEMENT – it is the separation of traffic unit in
motion from an object with which it has collided. Not all
accidents have this.

The colliding units disengaged, maybe due to their

speed or due to the actions taken by the drivers.
6. STOPPING – it is when the traffic unit/s involved
come to rest. It usually stabilizes the accident
situation.

The colliding units were at their final position

after the accident.
 TOPIC REVIEW

The chain of events in a vehicular accidents are:

1. PERCEPTION HAZARD
2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION
3. INITIAL CONTACT
4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT
5. DISENGAGEMENT
6. STOPPING
 The 10 Commandments of Traffic
1. Keep Right
2. Observe Road Courtesy
3. MV should not be parked near intersections, crosswalk, fire
stations, fire hydrant, private driveways
4. If in doubt, do not overtake
5. The bus stop rule
6. Rules to prevent or untangle traffic congestion or traffic jam
7. Observe traffic management measure
8. The Philosophy of a Pinoy Driver (Rotonda Rule or First come
first served)
9. On Pedestrians – keep off roadway. Wait , embark and alight
at bus or jeepney stop
10.Remember the International Safety Reminder – SAFETY
FIRST
 Thank you
and
God bless us all