IE355 Theory WORK

STUDY AND METHODS

ENGINEERING 3(2,1)
PRODUCTIVITY
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF WORK STUDY AND METHODS ENGG
 Course content
• Introduction to work analysis and design,
• Methods engineering: study of the basic work measurement techniques,
• Applications and limitations of the stop-watch time study,
• Learning curve,
• Development and use of process flow charts,
• Pre-determined motion time studies (PMTS),
• Micro motion analysis,
• Human factors underlying the design of specific human-machine systems, Techniques of work
optimization,
• Energy expenditure and bodily functions.
Recommended Books:
1. Motion and Time Study by Benjamin W. Niebel, McGraw-Hill
2 Time and Motion study by I. L. O
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Grading policy
• Mid term =25%
• Final term =50%
• Quizzes=6
• Assignment=9
• Attendance + Class behaviour =10
• No makeup quizzes and assignment
• Zero tolerance for copy paste
• Sessional might be subjective to change
• -2 for late submission of assignments in that week.
• Submit assignment to CR only on Due Date.
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outlines
• Work study
• Productivity
• Work design and measurement
• Technology innovation
• Workers productivity
• Productivity capital
• Motion and time study
• Systematic study
• Developing preferred method
• Standardizing the operations
• Determining the time standard
• Training the operator
• History of motion and time study

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What is Work Study?

Work Study is the systematic examination of the methods of carrying

out activities such as to improve the effective use of resources and to
set up standards of performance for the activities carried out.

Systematic Standards of
analysis(methods) performance
Resources

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Work study

People are not mere extensions to machines or horsepower to be switched on

and off. A worker's performance may be better than a machine's capability - yet
a machine may outstrip the human being for many tasks.

People can be hurt/injured physically by operating environments or trapped

socially and psychologically in them/by them. How operational systems are
designed and the jobs and performance relationships within them are of great
operational, economic and social importance.
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work study

• In this context then work study is:

“a collection of techniques used to examine work – what is done and

how it is done - so that there is systematic analysis of all the elements,
factors, resources and relationships affecting the efficiency and
effectiveness of the work being studied”.

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Productivity
Productivity has a number of different meanings
General equation of productivity
Productivity=Output/Input
The others;
*Labor productivity =units produced/hours worked
*Capital productivity= output/capital input
*Material productivity= output/materials input

Determine a productivity term related with you!

----Total scores / Target skores?
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Productivity

• Outputs and inputs can be partial or composite.

• For example, units per person-hour is a measure of labor productivity
only and is, therefore, partial.

• Productivity is affected by efficiency, effectiveness, and quality,

• Productivity, together with innovation and quality of working life,
determine the total organizational performance, which is usually
measured by profitability in the free-enterprise system.

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An input-output model of the firm

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Productivity Index
Labor productivity and “output per hour”
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics holds a standard guidelines.

• Labor productivity index=Total annual output/the total hours worked.

• Output=“real” annual sales

• Input= average number of employees×average number of hours during the year………….

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Where does work design and measurement fit?

• Work measurement is the standard by which we measure efficiency.

• Similarly, work design helps determine efficiency.

• Work measurement and design can be distinguished from total organizational performance through considerations
of focus and scope

• Total organizational system performance has a much broader focus (i.e., quality, quality of
working life, effectiveness, innovation, profitability, productivity).

• Work measurement/design in the workplace has a narrow focus in that it addresses efficiency,
Work measurement/design concerns itself with the individual person and the person's interaction
with his or her environment.

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 Finding A Better Way
• A systematic approach to finding easier and better ways to accomplish a task.

• The basic objective is to avoid waste of any kind (time, human effort, materials, capital, etc.)

• To do work methods improvement correctly, a systematic approach is necessary.

• A five-step procedure might be:

• Selecting a Job—One must select a job to study. This is often done because the job is the most expensive or obviously in need
of such a study.

• Getting and Recording the Facts—The present method of doing the job must be recorded along with other facts such as the
frequency of the job.

• Questioning Every Detail—The present method must be questioned. Some elements may be deleted; most can be changed.

• Developing and Testing a Better Method—From step 3, better efforts may be obvious. These ideas should be developed and
tried.

• Installing and Maintaining Improvements—For the study to be worthwhile an improved procedure must be installed and
maintained.

• 31/08/2016
Charts are a convenient way of applying parts of the foregoing procedure,
work study especially
and methods in steps 2 and 3.
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 Technological Innovation
• Changes in technology =increase in productivity expected.
• Technological innovations=increased labor output, a reduction in costs, reduction in the price of the
product or service.
• Examples;
• dial telephone?
• Hybrid seeds, fertilizer, farm machinery?
• Computer?
What technology innovation requires?
increase in investment
Increase in employees’ skills
Risky repetitive operations by machines.
Computer is an integral parts of machine

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Measurement of Individual Worker
Productivity
• Worker performance can be measured by worker productivity
• It is necessary standard time of a job.
• For example, if the standard time to assemble a bench grinder is 3.00 minutes and
if the operator assembles 260 grinders during the day.
• Output?
• Input ?
• 260×3.00=780
• 8 hours (480 minutes)
780
 100  162.5%
480
• Performance index=

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Productivity of Capital
• The productivity of capital= tools, machines and other operating facilities
• Factors: maintenance, obsolescence
• Million dolar investments…..steel mill example
• Operating cost$4500perhour
• 20 people work and $8500/hr
• Crew payment is incentive based
i. Amount of down time
ii. Operating the mill at optimum speed
Utilization of equipment is key area of improvement
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Motion and time study

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Motion and Time study and Productivity
• What is relations between Motion and Time study and Productivity?
• Productivity of Organization and Individuals
• Elimination of unnecessary work
• The design of methods and procedures
• Most effective and least effort
• System must be suited to the person.
• Measuring work methods for determining a performance index or
productivity index.

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Subject of motion and time study
Motion and Time Study, Problem solving processes
• Industrial engineers
• Staff specialist
• Managers
• Supervisors
• Employees

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Definition and Scopes of Motion and Time
Study
• Our objective is to find the ideal method or the method nearest to the ideal
that can be practically used.
• Motion and time study is the systematic study of work systems with the
purposes of
1. Developing the preferred system and method
2.Standardizing this system and method
3.Determining the time required by a qualified and properly trained person working at a normal
pace to do a specific task and operation
4. Assisting in training the worker in the preferred method.

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Definitions
• Motion study or work methods design:for finding the preferred
method of doing work. That is, the ideal method or one nearest to it.
• Time study or work measurement: for determining the standard time
to perform a specific task.

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Systematic study :Developing preferred
method

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Standardizing the operations

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Determining the time standard

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Training the operator

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Indirect factory labor?
• Increasing the use of mechanization and automation direct labor decreased and attention
was given to the indirect labor.
• Factory operations;
machinesmore complex highly trained people for operate, service and maintain.
Employees are important for out of main factory operations such as;
*electronic data processing
*recording,
*analyzing,
*measuring nonrepetitive activities
*work sampling

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Nonmanufacturing Activities
• Increase in indirect factory laborincrease in office work (banks,
mail-order houses, hospitals, department stores, supermarkets,
government and military)time and motion study principles are
need for this field.

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HOME TASK
• DOWNLOAD a research paper or case study in productivity of an
organization is addressed for time and motion study perspective
• Date of submission(1 Sep 2016) 8:00 am

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