By Shrikant Athavale

Presentation No :
An adhesive,
An adhesive
also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any non metallic
substance applied to one surface, or both surfaces, of two separate items
that binds them together and resists their separation.

Adjectives may be used in conjunction with the word "adhesive" to

describe properties based on the substance's physical or chemical form,
the type of materials joined, or conditions under which it is applied.
The use of adhesives offers many advantages over binding techniques

such as sewing, 

mechanical fastening,

thermal bonding,
These include the ability to bind different materials together,
to distribute stress more efficiently across the joint,
the cost effectiveness of an easily mechanized process,
an improvement in aesthetic design,
and
increased design flexibility.
Disadvantages of adhesive
use include decreased stability at high temperatures,
relative weakness in bonding large objects with a small bonding surface
area,
and greater difficulty in separating objects during testing.

Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion.

These are then organized into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which
refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden.
Alternatively they can be organized by whether the raw stock is of
natural or synthetic origin, or by their starting physical phase.
Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. The
earliest human use of adhesive-like substances was approximately
200,000 years ago, when Neanderthals produced tar from the dry
distillation of birch bark for use in binding stone tools to wooden
handles.[6] 
The first references to adhesives in literature first appeared in
approximately 2000 BC. The Greeks and Romans made great
contributions to the development of adhesives. In Europe, glue was not
widely used until the period AD 1500–1700. From then until the 1900s
increases in adhesive use and discovery were relatively gradual. Only
since the last century has the development of synthetic adhesives
accelerated rapidly, and innovation in the field continues to the present.
History
A reconstruction of Ötzi's axe, which used pitch as an
adhesive
The earliest use of adhesives was discovered in central
Italy when two stone flakes partially covered with birch-
bark tar and a third uncovered stone from the Middle
Pleistocene era (circa 200,000 years ago) were found.
This is thought to be the oldest discovered human use of
tar-hafted stones.
The birch-bark-tar adhesive is a simple, one-component
adhesive. Although sticky enough, plant-based A reconstruction
adhesives are brittle and vulnerable to environmental of Ötzi's axe,
which used pitch
conditions. The first use of compound adhesives was as an adhesive
discovered in Sibudu, South Africa.
From AD 1 to 500 the Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the
development of adhesives.

Wood veneering and marquetry were developed, the production of animal and fish
glues refined, and other materials utilized.

Egg-based pastes were used to bond gold leaves incorporated various natural
ingredients such as blood, bone, hide, milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains.[12]

The Greeks began the use of slaked lime as mortar while the Romans furthered
mortar development by mixing lime with volcanic ash and sand.

This material, known as pozzolanic cement, was used in the construction of the
Roman Colosseum and Pantheon.[13]
The Romans were also the first people known to have used tar and beeswax as caulk
and sealant between the wooden planks of their boats and ships.[12]

Beeswax
Modern slaked lime factory in Ukraine
In Central Asia, the rise of the Mongols in approximately AD 1000 can be partially
attributed to the good range and power of the bows of Genghis Khan's hordes. These
bows were constructed with laminated lemonwood and bullhorn bonded by an
unknown adhesive.[14]
In Europe, glue fell into disuse until the period AD 1500–1700. At this time, world-
renowned cabinet and furniture makers such as Thomas Chippendale and Duncan
Phyfe began to use adhesives to hold their products together.

The development of modern adhesives began in 1690 with the founding of the first
commercial glue plant in Holland. This plant produced glues from animal hides.

Liquid animal glue

In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish glue.
The following decades of the next century witnessed the
manufacture of casein glues in German and Swiss factories.In
1876, the first US patent (number 183,024) was issued to the
Ross brothers for the production of casein glue.
Casein glue preparation

The first US postage stamps used starch-based adhesives when issued in 1840. The
first US patent (number 61,991) on dextrin (a starch derivative) adhesive was issued
in 1867.
Natural rubber was first used as material for adhesives starting in 1830. In
1862, a British patent (number 3288) was issued for the plating of metal with brass
by electrodeposition to obtain a stronger bond to rubber.

The development of the automobile and the need for rubber shock mounts required
stronger and more durable bonds of rubber and metal. This spurred the development
of cyclized rubber treated in strong acids.

By 1927, this process was used to produce solvent-based thermoplastic rubber

cements for metal to rubber bonding.
Natural rubber-based sticky adhesives were first used on a backing by Henry Day
(US Patent 3,965) in 1845.

Later these kinds of adhesives were used in cloth backed surgical and electric tapes.
By 1925, the pressure-sensitive tape industry was born.

Today, sticky notes, Scotch tape, and other tapes are examples of PSA (pressure-
sensitive adhesives).
A key step in the development of synthetic plastics was the introduction of a
thermoset plastic known as Bakelite phenolic in 1910.

Within two years, phenolic resin was applied to plywood as a coating varnish. In the
early 1930s, phenolics gained importance as adhesive resins.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLUES: 

White Craft Glue:

This is the most common craft glue for porous lightweight materials such as paper,
cardboard, cloth, and kids’ crafts. 
Water is the carrier; this means easy clean up and low toxicity.  Keep in mind that
the glue must dry before strength is significant and the project often requires
clamping to hold it in place until the glue is completely set and dry.  This also
means that white craft glue should not be used in applications that require water
resistance.
White craft glue dries clear and is somewhat flexible. Get creative and add fillers,
like fine glitter, pigment, or water-based food coloring for decorative effects. 
~1 hour set time, with final cure in 24 hours.
Yellow Wood Glue:

Yellow wood glue is also water based – and is made of the same vinyl acetate
polymers as craft glue.  It is designed to work with wood and is immediately tacky
for better hold in the uncured state.  It is also generally more rigid, hence it is
easier to sand.   Some wood glue can also be white and dry clear.  Make sure to
read the labels.  Again, you can add sawdust or another powdered filler for special
effects. 
Wood glues set in ~less than 1 hr.   That said, it could take as long as 24 hours to
reach full strength. 
Three types of wood adhesives are available: 
Type-I exhibits some waterproof properties.

Type-II will perform better in exterior conditions. These adhesives generally have
a longer open time and can bond at colder temperatures. Both types I and II can be
used for exterior applications, such as outdoor furniture and trim.

Type-III is not water resistant and is designed for interior use only. Type-III is
good for interior woodwork and trim projects.
Note: True water resistance for immersion in water requires a marine glue.
Super Glue (also known as cyanoacrylate adhesives):

Cyanoacrylate adhesives bond very quickly and to a range of substrates.  They

form a very strong bond and dry clear.  The surfaces to be mated must fit together
well to achieve good bonding.  You can buy super glue in a variety of viscosities
which enable some leeway in gap filling performance.  However, super glues can
be finicky with respect to surface contact and coverage- too much or too little can
affect the bond.   In general, super glues are not good for foamed plastic, unless
specified on the bottle. 
Cyanoacrylates work best in tensile applications that have low impact strength
requirements.  In their uncured state, you can use an acetone solvent wipe for
cleanup.  However, once cured, solvents can no longer dissolve the adhesive.
Cyanoacrylates work particularly well for balsa wood projects.  Carpenters often
use a two part cyanoacrylate to quickly bond mitered wood trim.
Cyanoacrylates can set in seconds to minutes, depending on formulation.  It dries
clear and is waterproof.
Bottom Line: Cyanoacrylates are good for projects involving: wood, metal,
ceramic, leather, glass, and some plastic where bond line is very tight.

Hot glue:

The melting and cooling of polymers provides the methods of delivery and
adhesion for hot melt adhesives.  Hot glue is most commonly applied using a glue
gun and comes in low (250°F) and high (380°F) melting options.  Many varieties
and performances are available depending on the polymer type.  Hot glue can be
used on porous and non-porous surfaces. Because of its high viscosity, it can bond
uneven surfaces together and is great at filling gaps. 
Hot glue is not typically used in high strength applications. And, it will not survive
elevated temperatures near the application temperature.  However, it provides a
very quick setting option for a variety of crafts and substrates.  It’s a great all-
purpose craft glue for quick set up and execution, but it’s not for use by children.
Hot tip: With hot glue, you can trace patterns to form bead designs on surfaces for
texture and paint over it for a 3D surface effect.  Hot glue is often used to add
flower or ribbon embellishment on wreaths, headbands and picture frames where
stiffness and strength is not such a concern.

Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA):

PSAs are available in sheets and dots and can be used in a multitude of craft
projects to include substrates such as lightweight paper, plastic, metal, and glass.

Spray adhesives:

A spray adhesive is a contact adhesive based in a solvent that is applied by spray. 

When using spray adhesives, it is important that you apply in a well-ventilated
room.  After spraying your project, allow the solvent to completely evaporate
before mating for immediate bond.  Once mated, you cannot reposition your
substrates.
Spray adhesives can be used with paper, foam board, fabrics, photo, and felt. 
Specialty contact adhesives are also available in a can to roll or brush on for
larger, more demanding projects that involve wood, metal, and plastic sheet
laminates.
Application example: Spray adhesives are an excellent choice for adhering photos
or fabrics to a foam board back.

Fabric adhesives:

Fabric adhesives can be liquid white glues like polyvinyl acetate (PVA) types. A
variety of products cover lightweight to heavyweight fabric bonding, so it is
important to get the correct product to match the hand or drape of your project. 
Some versions are safe for washing and dry cleaning, but it’s important to read the
glue’s label first.
There is an expanded selection of nonwoven tapes and fusing adhesives in rolled
good form, which range from highly flexible to stiff for fabric and leather projects
and garment construction. These can be found in sewing and fabric stores and can
bond permanently without bleed through for a very durable craft.
Fabric adhesives can be used to fix a hem that is falling apart and for DIY projects
like making headbands or constructing fabric/foam laminated computer sleeves.

Epoxy:

Epoxies are generally two part systems designed for high performance bonding. 
While epoxies can be formulated to suit many applications, they are generally
very hard, durable adhesives that bond to many substrates successfully in more
extreme environments.   Epoxy adhesives can exhibit a range of flexibility and
clarity as well as cure speed.
Epoxies have excellent gap filling properties due to their high cohesive strength.
Polyurethane:

Polyurethane adhesives bond a variety of surfaces. They bond to textile fibers,

metals, plastics, glass, sand, ceramics, rubber, and wood.
Polyurethane is a multipurpose glue that comes in one part and two part options.
Polyurethanes can work well on a wide variety of wood species, particularly on
woods with high moisture content or on oily woods, where other glues are not as
successful. Clamping is required until strength is built; a few hours.  Full strength
is achieved in six to eight hours for a very strong and tough bond.
Before completely cured, polyurethane adhesives can be removed using solvents
such as mineral spirits or acetone. Dried glue can be sanded.
Glue Sticks:

Glue sticks are great for kids!  They are a low bonding adhesive, but do provide a
permanent bond on various types of paper to include cardboard, foam board, and
poster board.  Glue dries clear. 
Application examples: sealing envelopes, applying labels, paper crafting, art
projects, scrapbooking.
Now we going to Talk more about Pressure Sensitive Adhesives

What is PSA ?

It’s uses

Its applications

And

The carrier opportunities

Pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA, self-adhesive, self-stick adhesive) is adhesive
 which forms a bond when pressure is applied to bond the adhesive with the adherend.
No solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive. It is used in 
pressure-sensitive tapes, labels, glue dots, note pads, automobile trim, and a wide
variety of other products.

As the name "pressure-sensitive" indicates, the degree of bond is influenced by the

amount of pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.
Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, removal of contaminants, etc. are
also important to proper bonding.

PSAs are usually designed to form a bond and hold properly at room temperatures.
PSAs typically reduce or lose their tack at low temperatures and reduce their shear
holding ability at high temperatures; special adhesives are made to function at high or
low temperatures.
Structural and pressure-sensitive adhesives[edit]
Adhesives may be broadly divided in two classes: structural and pressure-sensitive.
To form a permanent bond, structural adhesives harden via processes such as 
evaporation of solvent (for example, white glue), reaction with UV radiation (as in 
dental adhesives), chemical reaction (such as two part epoxy), or cooling (as in hot
melt).

In contrast, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) form a bond simply by the

application of light pressure to marry the adhesive with the adherend.
Pressure-sensitive adhesives are designed with a balance between flow and
resistance to flow. The bond forms because the adhesive is soft enough to flow, or 
wet, the adherend. The bond has strength because the adhesive is hard enough to
resist flow when stress is applied to the bond.
Once the adhesive and the adherend are in proximity, there are also molecular
interactions such as van der Waals forces involved in the bond, which contribute
significantly to the ultimate bond strength. PSAs exhibit viscoelastic (viscous and 
elastic) properties, both of which are used for proper bonding.

In contrast with structural adhesives, whose strength is evaluated as lap shear

strength, pressure-sensitive adhesives are characterized by their shear and peel
resistance as well as their initial tack. These properties are dependent, among other
things, on the formulation, coating thickness, rub-down and temperature.
"Permanent" pressure-sensitive adhesives are initially pressure-sensitive and
removable (for example to recover mislabeled goods) but after hours or days
change their properties, by becoming less or not viscous, or by increasing the bond
strength, so that the bond becomes permanent.
Applications

Post-it notes
Pressure-sensitive adhesives are designed for either permanent or removable
applications. Examples of permanent applications include safety labels for power
equipment, foil tape for HVAC duct work, automotive interior trim assembly, and
sound/vibration damping films. Some high performance permanent PSAs exhibit
high adhesion values and can support kilograms of weight per square centimeter of
contact area, even at elevated temperature.[citation needed] These build adhesion
to a permanent bond after several hours or days.
Removal

Removable adhesives are designed to form a temporary bond, and ideally can be
removed after months or years without leaving residue on the adherend.
Removable adhesives are used in applications such as surface protection films,
masking tapes, bookmark and note papers, price marking labels, promotional
graphics materials, and for skin contact (wound care dressings, EKG electrodes,
athletic tape, analgesic and transdermal drug patches, etc.).

Some removable adhesives are designed to repeatedly stick and unstick. They have
low adhesion and generally cannot support much weight.
Sometimes clean removal of pressure sensitive tape can be difficult without
damaging the substrate that it is adhered to. Pulling at a slow rate and with a low
angle of peel helps reduce surface damage.

PSA residue can be softened with certain organic solvents or heat.

Extreme cold (dry ice, freeze spray, etc.) can cause viscoelastic materials to change
to a glass phase; thus it is useful for removing many types of PSAs.
Manufacture

Pressure-sensitive adhesives are manufactured with either a liquid carrier or in 100%

solid form.

Articles such as tapes and labels are made from liquid PSAs by coating the adhesive
on a support and evaporating the organic solvent or water carrier, usually in a hot air
dryer.

The dry adhesive may be further heated to initiate a cross-linking reaction and

increase molecular weight.

100% solid PSAs may be low viscosity polymers that are coated and then reacted with
radiation to increase molecular weight and form the adhesive (radiation cured PSA);
or they may be high-viscosity materials that are heated to reduce viscosity enough to
allow coating, and then cooled to their final form (hot melt PSA, HMPSA).
Composition

PSAs are usually based on an elastomer compounded with a suitable tackifier (e.g.,

a rosin ester).

The elastomers can be based on acrylics, which can have sufficient tack on their
own and do not require a tackifier.; bio-based acrylate – recently, a biological-based
macromonomer was grafted onto a backbone of acrylate so that the resulting PSA
uses 60% bio-based materials,butyl rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) with high
vinyl acetate content; can be formulated as a hot-melt PSA, natural rubber, nitriles, 
silicone rubbers, requiring special tackifiers based on "MQ" silicate resins,
composed of a monofunctional trimethyl silane ("M") reacted with quadrafunctional 
silicon tetrachloride ("Q").
Styrene block copolymers (SBC), also called styrene copolymer adhesives and
rubber-based adhesives, have good low-temperature flexibility, high elongation, and
high heat resistance. They are frequently used in hot melt adhesive applications,
where the composition retains tack even when solidified; however non-pressure-
sensitive formulations are also used. High heat resistance, good low-temperature
flexibility.

 Lower strength than polyesters. They usually have A-B-A structure, with an elastic
rubber segment between two rigid plastic endblocks. High-strength film formers as
standalone, increase cohesion and viscosity as an additive. Water-resistant, soluble
in some organic solvents; cross-linking improves solvent resistance. Resins
associating with endblocks (cumarone-indene, α-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene,
aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.) improve adhesion and alter viscosity. Resins
associating to the midblocks (aliphatic olefins, rosin esters, polyterpenes, terpene
phenolics) improve adhesion, processing and pressure-sensitive properties.
Addition of plasticizers reduces cost, improves pressure-sensitive tack, decrease
melt viscosity, decrease hardness, and improve low-temperature flexibility.

The A-B-A structure promotes a phase separation of the polymer, binding together
the end blocks, with the central elastic parts acting as cross-links; SBCs do not
require additional cross-linking, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), used in high-
strength PSA applications styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS), used in low
self-adhering non-woven applications, styrene-ethylene/propylene (SEP), styrene-
isoprene-styrene (SIS), used in low-viscosity high-tack PSA applications, vinyl
ethers.
What is Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tape Used for ?

It can be used in the home, office, industry, and institutions for a wide variety of
purposes. The tape consists of a pressure-sensitive adhesive coated onto a backing
material such as paper, plastic film, cloth, or metal foil.
How does Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Work ?
PSA will adhere to a variety of substrates when applied to most clean and dry
surfaces with pressure. Pressure Sensitive adhesives do not require solvent, water, or
heat to activate the adhesive. The bond is directly influenced by the amount of
pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.

what does Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tape mean ?

Pressure sensitive adhesive tape can be defined as a continuous flexible strip of cloth,
paper, metal or plastic coated on one or both sides with a permanently tacky adhesive
at room temperature which will adhere to a variety of surfaces with light pressure
(finger pressure) with no phase change (liquid to solid) and ...