Computer Networking

Presentation by KINZAY (HND)

Roll# 35
 Computer Networking
“A computer is a group of
computers that use a set of common
communication protocols over
digital interconnections for the
purpose of sharing resources
located on or provided by the
network nodes” is called computer
networking.
Bob kahn invented the computer
networking and also TCP/IP
protocols for networks and developed
it, with the help from Vint Cerf, in
1978. Internet protocol version
4(IPv4) was officially defined in RFC
791 in 1981..
 Types of Computer
Networking
There are 4 types of computer
networking such as,

● MAN
● PAN
● LAN
● WAN
 MAN
● A metropolitan area network
(MAN) is a high-speed network
that connects local area networks
in a metropolitan area.

● Examples such as city or town

and handles the bulk of
communication activities across
that region.
 PAN
● A personal area network
(PAN) is a computer
network used for
communication among
computer devices, including
telephones.

● Personal area network may

be wired with computer
buses USB and firewire.
 LAN
● A local area network is a
communication network
that interconnects a
variety of data
communicating devices
within a small
geographic area.

● It also broadcasts data

at high rate with low
arror rates.
 WAN
● A wide area network(WAN) is a
telecommunications network that
extends over a large geographical
area.

● A computer network in which the

computers connected may be far
apart, generally having a radius of
more than 1 km.
 Advantages of Networks
● It enhances communication and availability of
information.
● It allows for more convenient resource sharing.
● It makes file sharing easier.
● It is highly flexible.
● It is an inexpensive system.
● It increases cost efficiency.
● It boosts storage capacity.
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 Disadvantages of network
● Purchasing the network cabling and file servers can be
expensive.

● Managing a large network is complicated, requires

training.
● Too much sitting
● Potential of loss of privacy.
● Too much multi-tasking.
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THANK YOU
Database

Types of database
Database
A database is a collection of
information that is organized so that
it can be easily accessed, managed
and updated. Computer databases
typically contain aggregations of data
records or files, containing
information about sales transactions
or interactions with specific
customers.
Types of
database
There are many different
kinds of databases, ranging
from the most prevalent
approach, the relational
database, to a distributed
database, cloud database,
graph database or NoSQL
database.
Relational
database
A relational database, invented by E.F.
Codd at IBM in 1970, is a tabular
database in which data is defined so that
it can be reorganized and accessed in a
number of different ways.

Relational databases are made up of a

set of tables with data that fits into a
predefined category.
Distributed
database
A distributed database is a database
in which portions of the database are
stored in multiple physical locations,
and in which processing is dispersed
or replicated among different points in
a network.

Distributed databases can be

homogeneous or heterogeneous
Cloud database

A cloud database is a database that has

been optimized or built for a virtualized
environment, either in a hybrid cloud,
public cloud or private cloud. Cloud
databases provide benefits such as the
ability to pay for storage capacity and
bandwidth on a per-use basis, and they
provide scalability on demand, along
with high availability.
NoSQL database
NoSQL databases are useful for large sets of
distributed data.

NoSQL databases are effective for big data

performance issues that relational databases
aren't built to solve. They are most effective
when an organization must analyze large
chunks of unstructured data or data that's
stored across multiple virtual servers in the
cloud.
Object_oriente
d database
Items created using object-oriented
programming languages are often stored in
relational databases, but object-oriented
databases are well-suited for those items.

An object-oriented database is organized

around objects rather than actions, and data
rather than logic. For example, a multimedia
record in a relational database can be a
definable data object, as opposed to an
alphanumeric value
Graph database

A graph-oriented database, or graph

database, is a type of NoSQL database
that uses graph theory to store, map and
query relationships. Graph databases are
basically collections of nodes and edges,
where each node represents an entity,
and each edge represents a connection
between nodes.
Peopleware
Peopleware
Peopleware is a term used to refer to one
of the three core aspects of computer
technology, the other two being hardware
and software. Peopleware can refer to
anything that has to do with the role of
people in the development or use of
computer software and hardware systems,
including such issues as developer
productivity, teamwork, group dynamics,
the psychology of programming, project
management, organizational factors,
human interface design, and human-
machine-interaction.[1]
Overview
The concept of peopleware in the
software community covers a variety of
aspects:[2]

Development of productive persons

Organizational culture
Organizational learning
Development of productive teams, and
Modeling of human competencies.
History
The neologism, first used by Peter G.
Neumann in 1977[3] and independently
coined by Meilir Page-Jones in 1980,[4] was
popularized in the 1987 book Peopleware:
Productive Projects and Teams by Tom
DeMarco and Timothy Lister.[5]

The term Peopleware also became the title

and subject matter of a long-running series of
columns by Larry Constantine in Software
Development magazine, later compiled in
book form.[6]
References
arry Constantine Constantine on
Peopleware Prentice Hall, 1995, p. xxi.
(ISBN 0-13-331976-8)
Silvia T. Acuna (2005). A Software
Process Model Handbook for
Incorporating People's Capabilities. pp.
9–11.
Peter G. Neumann "Peopleware in
Systems." in Peopleware in Systems.
Cleveland, OH: Assoc. for Systems
management, 1977, pp 15–18.
Page-Jones, M. Practical
Guide to Structured Systems
Design. New York: Yourdon
Press. (ISBN 0-13-690769-5)
Tom DeMarco and Timothy
Lister. Peopleware: Productive
Projects and Teams. New York:
Dorset House, 1987. (ISBN 0-
932633-43-9)
Larry Constantine The
Peopleware Papers Prentice
Hall, 2001
Database and Elements of information system
Hardware:
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of computer,such as the case,
central processing unit (CPU),moniter,mouse, keyboard,speakers and
motherboard.

Hardware components
Hardware components further divided into three groups
1.Input devices
2.Output devices
3.System unit
Input device
● Input device lets you communicate with the computer.You can use input
devices to enter information and issue commands.
● Keyboard is a standard input device of most computers. Used to type
data into the computer
● Mouse is a hand-clicked device used for pointing and moving objects
Joystick is an input device which is commonly used for computer games
● Track Ball Light Pen basically an upside down mouse a device used to
draw,write,or issue commands when it touches a specially designed
screen
● A scanner allows you to scan documents ,pictures or graphics and view
them on the computer microphone used to input sound into a computer
Output devices

● An output device displays information on a screen,creates printed copies

or generates sound.
. Inkjet printer Laser printer Impact printer Printers an output device that
produces text and graphics on paper
. The moniter is used to provide soft copy output
. Speaker play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound
card.Multimedia projector is a type of video projecter for displaying
video,images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface
 System Unit
● System Unit The system unit is the part of the computer which is responsible for
accepting and processing the data brought in by the input devices
● Motherboard Hard-disk Drive IDE the motherboard is the main circuit board of a
microcomputer.It is also known as the mainboard or system board is a storage device that
store billions of characters of data on a nonremovable disk SATA IDE stands for
integrated Serial Advanced Device Electronics.Technology is a standard attachment
electronic interface used between a computer motherboard and the computer’s disk
storage devices
● The central processing unit carries out each instruction of the program in sequence, to
perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system CPU
Power Supply it supplies power from the power supply to the drive. The power cables are
red, yellow and black. The yellow wire furnishes 12 volts of power, the red wire furnishes
5 volts of power, the two black wire are ground wire for each.
System unit

● Used to stores and retrieves information on a floppy disk. Floppy Disk

Drive is a device that reads information stored on a compact disc, it is a
storage device that use laser technology to read data from optical disks.
CD/DVD Drive
● Is a board that is plugged into a computer to give it display capabilities.
enhances the computers sound generating capabilities by allowing sound
to be output through speakers. A modem is a device that sends and
receives data over telephone lines to and from computers. Video Card
Sound Card Modem
Software

• Software and its types

 Software

The term was coined to differentiate these

instructions from hardware—i.e., the
physical components of a computer
system. A set of instructions that directs
a computer's hardware to perform a task
is called a program, or software program.
The two main types of software are
system software and application software
Software, instructions that tell a computer what to
do. Software comprises the entire set of programs,
procedures, and routines associated with the
operation of a computer system. The term was
coined to differentiate these instructions from
hardware—i.e., the physical components of a
computer system. A set of instructions that directs
a computer’s hardware to perform a task is called
a program, or software program.
 Types of software
The two main types of software are system software
and application software. System software controls a
computer’s internal functioning, chiefly through an
operating system, and also controls such peripherals
as monitors, printers, and storage devices. Application
software, by contrast, directs the computer to execute
commands given by the user and may be said to
include any program that processes data for a user.
Application software thus includes word processors,
spreadsheets, database management, inventory and
payroll programs, and many other “applications.” A
Software is typically stored on an external long-
term memory device, such as a hard drive or
magnetic diskette. When the program is in use,
the computer reads it from the storage device
and temporarily places the instructions in
random access memory (RAM). The process of
storing and then performing the instructions is
called “running,” or “executing,” a program. By
contrast, software programs and procedures
that are permanently stored in a computer’s
Thanks for
watching