DIFFERENT DYES

What are Dyes?

Dye, substance used to impart color to textiles, paper, leather, and other
materials such that the coloring is not readily altered by washing, heat, light or
other factors to which the material is likely to be exposed.

Types of Dye
Dyes can be primarily classified as two types those are
1.Natural Dye
2.Synthetic Dye
Dyes can be different forms such as Paste,Powder,Solution
 Dyes

Cellulose Protein Synthetic

Acrylic fiber
fiber fiber fiber

1.Direct dye
1.Acid dye
2.Vat dye 1.Disperse
2.Premetallised 1.Basic dye
3.Reactive dye dye
dye
4.Sulphur dye
3.Mordant dye
5.Azoic Dye
 Direct Dye

Direct dyes are water soluble anionic dyes and retain sulphonic acid groups in structure. They are directly taken up by
the fibers. Direct dye have strong
affinity towards the fibre which can be applied directly on the fibre
and which do not need any assistance
Properties of direct dyes:
 Direct dye has sodium salt of Sulphonic acid or carboxylic acid
group. So, it easily dissolve in water.
 It has strong affinity to cellulose fibre. Protein fibre can be dyed
by this dye.
 Cheap comparatively.
 Easily diffusible into fiber.
 Wash fastness is not so good (2-3)
 Used only alkaline and neutral medium.
 Various shade is found using these dyes.
 They dye is simple and common in the practical point of view.
B) CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT DYE ACCORDING BY APPLICATION:
B) Classification of direct dye according to application:

1) Class-A (Self leveling dye)

  Dye migrate well
 High leveling power
 They may dye unevenly at first but further boiling will bring about even distribution.

2) Class-B (Salt controllable dye)

 Dyes of poor leveling power
 Dye exhaustion must be brought about by controlled salt addition.
 If these dyes are not taken up uniformly in the initial stages, it is extremely difficult to correct the
unlevelness

3) Class-C (Temperature controllable dye)

 Dyes are not self leveling.
 Highly sensitive to salt.
 The exhaustion of this dye is controlled by temperature.
 MECHANISM OF DIRECT DYES
On the immersion in water the amorphous region of cellulosic fiber swell to produce
small pores in the order of 20-100 A (Angstrom) and acquires negative charges.
Dye molecules also split in the bath and release dye anions. Initially few dye anions
are absorbed on the surface of the fiber but most of them are repelled out of the
surface.
This occurs due to huge negative potential difference which is called zeta potential
barrier.
Addition of electrolyte reduces zeta potential barrier and promotes absorption.
Electrolytes release sodium cation that gets attached to the dye molecules and
carry it to the surface.
It also reduces the extent of osmotic work required to transfer the accompanying
metal ions. Sodium salt of dye molecule then deposit onto the fiber surface.
They gradually diffuses inside the swollen cellulose matrix. There it places itself
alongside the polymer chain with H-bond and van der waals forces. Heat application
helps to break dye aggregates and reduce zeta potential barrier. 
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF DIRECT
DYES
Advantages
Cheap process.
Easy to handle.
This dyes are more suitable for cellulosic materials.
simple process.

Disadvantages
Many Direct Dyes are bland and dull in color.
Direct Dyes provide duller color than the color provided by the fiber reactive dyes.
The wash fastness quality is also low.
Few Direct Dyes have low light fastness
 ACID DYE
Acid dyes are anionic, soluble in water and are essentially applied from acidic
bath. These dyes possess acidic groups, such as SO3H and COOH and are
applied on wool, silk and nylon when ionic bond is established between
protonated –NH2 group of fibre and acid group of dye

The acid dyes are so called because of the following reasons-

 The original numbers of the class (acid dye) are applied in a
bath containing mineral or organic acid.
 As they are sodium salts of organic acids, the anion is the
active coloured component.
Properties of acid dye:
 Water soluble.
 Always applied on acidic medium with organic or inorganic
acid.
 Acid dyes have a direct affinity towards protein fibre and
polyamide fibres.
 Maximum cellulose fibre can not absorb acid dye.
 Some acid dye has good light fastness.
 Many bright shade is found.
 Most of the acid dyes are sodium salt of sulphonic acid and
carboxylic acids and anion group is the active coloured
component.
Classification of acid dyes on the basis of application:
 I. Class-1 : Strong acid dye.
 II. Class-2 : weak acid dye.
 III. Class-3 : Neutral acid dye.

Comparison of Acid dyes classification

Criteria Strong Weak Neutral
Dyeing method Sulphuric acid Acetic acid Ammonium
acetate
PH of dying 2 or 3 5.4 to 6.2 Neutral
Levelling Good Not so good Very poor
Wet Fastness Not so good Good Very good
Affinity to Protein Low High Very low
Molecular weight Low High high
Dispersed in Properly Partially Aggregated
water
Temp of dyeing 100 C 60-90 Deg C 800-1000C
Mechanism Of Acid Dye
Dissolution of dyes in aqueous solvent, produces a colored anion. The protein and polyamide fibers
produce cationic sites in water under acidic conditions, as the acidity of the solution is increased more
cationic sites are produced under these strongly acidic conditions. These cationic sites are thus available
for the acid dye anions to combine with through hydrogen bonding, vander waals forces or ionic bonding.
These linkages are strong enough to break , and thus dyeing produced are fast 

On Wool
Electrolyte in the acid dye bath acts as a retarding agent because of chlorides ions attracted by the
positive sites at the fiber and in the competition between. Addition of acid acts as a n exhausting agent ,
because strongly acidic conditions makes more cationic sites available and thus available dye anions got
combined with these.
 BASIC DYE
Basic dyes are dyes that are cationic. This means that the dye molecule has a
positive charge, unlike most dyes, which have either a negative charge or no
net electronic charge at all. The word "basic" refers to bases, as opposed to
acids. It's definitely nt basic in the sense of "back to basics"
Properties of Basic dye:
Basic dye is water insoluble but soluble in alcohol and methylated spirit.
Brilliant shade is formed.
Basic dye reacts with strong alkali and produce colourless dye base.
Basic dye is reduced with reducing agent and produce colourless dye base. But when
reoxidised by acetic acid, again coloured compound easily.
No affinity to cotton fibre.
Direct affinity to jute fibre and easily to dye.
Acrylic fibre is reacted with Basic dye.
Washing fastness is moderate to poor.
Classification of Basic Dye

They are many belonging to this class & they vary considerable in chemical structure.
The more important groups are described below-
Group-1: Derivatives of di-phenyle amine.
Example: Auramine O
Group-2: Derivatives of tri-phenyl methane
Example: Methyl green
Group-3: Derivatives of Thiazine.
Example: Methylene blue.
Group-4: Derivatives of azo group.
Example: Bismarck brown.
Mechanism of Basic Dye while dyeing Acrylic Fibre

The most common anionic group attached to acrylic polymers is the sulphonate group, -SO3-, closely
followed by the carboxylate group, -CO2-. These are either introduced as a result of co-polymerization,
or as the residues of anionic polymerization inhibitors. It is this anionic property which makes acrylics
suitable for dyeing with cationic dyes, since there will be a strong ionic interaction between dye and
polymer (in effect, the opposite of the acid dye-protein fibre interaction)

1.The colored cations of the ionized dye are on the acrylic fiber surface, the rate of adsorption
depending on the concentration of the dye in the external dyebath.
2.The adsorbed dye cation diffuse in the interior of the fiber, the rate of diffusion being
determined by the temperature.
3.The cations are attracted and retained by the anionic sites in the fiber substance, by strong
electrostatic attraction forces, thereby imparting very good washing fastness to the resulting dyeing.
Advantages of Basic Dyes
High Tinctorial strength
Moderate substantivity
Relatively economical
Wide shade range
Includes some of the most brilliant synthetic dyes
Shows good brightness

Limitations of Basic Dyes

Poor shade stability
High acid content
Colored backwaters
Very poor lightfastness
Preferential dyeing
 Vat Dye
Vat dye is one of the oldest types of dye. It is mainly suitable for cellulosic fibre
for best overall fastness properties. Because of the popularity of blue jeans,
indigo is still one of the most important dye in the world in the present time.

The word vat means “vessel”. They are water insoluble. So it is reduced  by

fermentation in wooden vessel. The vat dyes are naturally obtained coloring
materials from the ancient time and kept into wooden vat and make soluble in
vat by the process of fermentation- so it is called vat dyes.  They can’t be used
directly & requires vatting . They are insoluble in water but become soluble
from by vatting process
Properties Of Vat Dye
Vat dye are insoluble & can’t be directly applied to textile material. Before dyeing they need
vatting.
Vat dyes are insoluble in water, solubilised by treatment with caustic soda and reducing agent,
usually hyposulphite, the resulting leuco compounds have affinity for textile fiber, on exposure to
air leuco compound impregnated fiber re-oxidises to the insoluble parent dye.
Vat dyes mainly belong to indigoid and anthra quinoid classes and are characterized by high
fastness, specially anthraquinoids
Mainly used or cellulosic fibre but for protein fibre pH should be control properly.
Most valuable for dyeing and printing cotton, wool and silk.
After dyeing , the dyes are entrapped inside the fibre & can’t come out during soaping & other
treatment. So wet fastness is very good around 4-5 .
Most of the vat dye are extremely fast to light. So used in curtain.
Applied in alkaline condition pH 12-14
Rubbing fastness is not good.
Various shade is found
Dyeing process is difficult & different such as sulphure or indigo dyeing process.
Costly
Particle size is very small. So poor rubbing fastness
Classification of Vat Dye
On the basis of chemical structure vat dyes are 2 types.
Anthraquinonoid: One or more quinine ( >C=O) groups act as chromophores & groups such as
hydroxy (–OH) alkylamino (–NHR or NR2) benzamido etc are auxochromes

Indigoid vat dyes:

• Indigoid dyes contain (–C-C=C-C–) as the chromophore & (-NH-, -S- as auxochromes. They can be
further divided into 4 sub class
• Indigo & its derivatives & homologues
• Thioindigo & its derivatives & homologues
• Indole thianaphthene dyes
• Miscellanious
Mechanism of Vat Dye
In simple terms, vatting is the process of converting the insoluble vat dyes into its soluble
form. Because our ultimate goal is to dye the substrate evenly in an aqueous medium.
And the insoluble vat dye displays no substantivity towards cellulose, but the soluble form
does.With the help of a suitable reducing agent and alkali, we can convert the insoluble
vat dye into its soluble leuco form. This usually results in a change of color.
Advantages
 The vat dye have high color fastness, which is uncommon in other dye classes
 The poor rubbing fastness
 ink dye is a type of vat dye that uses light rather than oxygen to fix the dye
 Mostly used in garments industry

Disadvantages
 Limited shade range (bright shade)
 Sensitive to abrasion
 Complicated application procedure
 Time consuming
 Slow process
 Not more suitable for wool