Chronological

Development of Loom
Chronological Development of Loom
 Primitive/Vertical loom
 No heald shaft, warp beam, the reed is present.
 All primary motions are manual.
 Picking is done by hand.
 Only the vertical frame is used to stretch the warp
yarn.
 Pit loom

 Heald shaft, warp beam, reed introduced here.

 Loom placed inside a pit.
 Heald shaft is controlled by pressing a treadle lever by feet inside
the pit.
 All primary motions are manual
  Frame loom

 The loom is made by a wooden frame.

 Heald shaft, warp beam, the reed is present.
 All primary motions are present
 Chitta Ranjan loom/Semi-automatic
loom
 The loom is made by a heavy wooden frame.
 All the primary motions are manual.
 Only take-up motion is automatic. Five wheels
take-up mechanism is introduced to regulate picks
per inch.
 Let-off is also manual (using chain, lever and
weight system).
 Hattersley loom
 The loom is made by an iron frame
 Shedding, picking, take-up is automatic
 Beat up and let off is manual
Automatic power/ Shuttle loom

 All primary and secondary motions are automatic.

 Tertiary motions are present here.
 The shuttle change mechanism is automatic.
Loom motion
Primary motion
-Shedding
-Picking
-Beat Up
Secondary motion
-Let off
-Take up
Tertiary motion
-Warp stop motion
-Weft stop motion
-Warp protector motion
Modern loom/Shuttleless loom
All primary, secondary and tertiary
emotions are automatic.
The shuttle is not used here.
Weft insertion is done by various
mechanisms such as rapier, projectile,
air, water, etc.
Productivity high.
Product quality better.
 Modern Loom

Rapier loom

Air jet loom

Projectile loom
• Operating experience with shuttle loom
• Advantages
• Suitable for complicated requirements of checks and stripes fabrics
• Fabric selvage quality is good
• High quality of the yarn is not mandatory
• Disadvantages
• A heavy mass of shuttle is propelled to insert a small amount of weft
• Limited scope for speed change
• More manpower required
• Loss of energy is very high
• Lead to loss of production
• Heavy wear and tear
• Require very good quality of preparation
• Poor fabric quality
• Less production
• Very noisy
• Operating experience with shuttle less modern loom:
• Advantages                                                   
• Upgraded picking mechanism and device
• Low noise and energy consumptions
• Higher production
• Low wear and tear
• Good fabric quality
• Less manpower required
• Disadvantages
• Complicated requirements of checks and stripes fabrics are not found in the
shuttleless loom.
• Selvage quality of fabric for some shuttle less is not good.
• It requires very high-quality yarn.
• Projectile/Gripper loom:
• Advantages of the smaller shed
• As the stroke of the reed is small so that yarn with hairiness can be woven without too much
difficulty.
• The upper and lower shed lines remain near the center of the reed, as a result, knots can easily
pass through the reed so that there will be less end breakage and the weaving efficiency will
higher.
• Other advantages
• Lowest consumption of energy.
• Weaving cost is much lower than the shuttle loom.
• Disadvantages of the smaller shed
• The preparation of the beam should be very precise so that there would not be any loose yarn in
the shed zone, loose yarn may break or result in faulty design in the fabric.
• Unsuitable for high-density fabrics because in this case, the warp yarns may break due to the
insertion of the projectile guide.
• Fine filaments and twist less textured yarns result in problems in transferring the tip of the weft.
•  Rapier loom:
• Advantages of the smaller shed
• Safe passage of knots
• Less end breakage and better weaving efficiency
• Other advantages
• It can weave a wide variety of fabrics like light, medium and heavy fabric.
• Gentle handling of the loom leading to minimum weft breakage.
• Most flexible loom as 3.3-2250 Tex can be successfully woven.
• Most convenient for inserting a greater number of colored picks.
• Produce fabric with the lowest number of faults.
• Disadvantages
• Weaving cost is higher than the projectile and air-jet loom.
• It requires more space in the width direction than any other loom.
•  Air jet loom:
• Advantages of the smaller shed
• Safe passage of knots
• Less end breakage and better weaving efficiency
• Other advantages
• Excellent loom for filament weaving
• Versatile as regards to yarn quality
• Suitable for single color wefts in mass production
• Lowest consumption of energy
• Disadvantages
• The preparation of the beam should be very precise so that there would not
be any loose yarn in the shed zone, loose yarn may break or result in faulty
design in the fabric.
•  Water jet loom:
• Advantages of the smaller shed
• Safe passage of knots
• Less end breakage and better weaving efficiency
• Other advantages
• Best for 100% filament fabric on a mass scale
• Lowest consumption of energy
• Disadvantages
• Least flexible as a fabric woven should be hydrophobic yarns
• Waste of yarn is more than air jet loom