Power Economics and Management

2nd Semester, 3rd Year (16EL)

B.E Electrical Engg. Program

Lecture # 15
Power Loss Reduction

Department of Electrical Engineering

Mehran University of Engg. & Technology, Jamshoro
POWER LOSS REDUCTION
Problems in Loss Reduction
 No energy audit.
 No segregation of losses into technical and
commercial losses.
 Political issues.
 Lack of regular patrolling for checking the theft
and tempering of metering.
 No transparency in meter reading and billing.
 Lack of adequate investment for system
modernization.
Technical Loss Reduction

 Fixed Losses
Fixed losses do not vary according to current.
Standard Material and Appropriate distances
can help in reducing theses losses
 Variable Losses
Variable losses vary with the amount of electricity
distributed and are, more precisely, proportional to
the square of the current.
Keeping System Operating parameters within
tolerance limits can help in reducing theses losses.
Non-Technical Loss Reduction

i. LORG-Loss Reduction Gang

powers to check, remove, charge penalties and refer

to Legal Department for the prosecutions of people

caught for illegal connections.
ii. Monetary Award
For each illegal connection reported and verified to

be true.
iii. Zero consumption Report
run every month for field check
Non-Technical Loss Reduction

iv. Consumption analysis Report

 A customer whose consumption is abnormal is
flagged for further investigations.

v. Meter bypass penalty

vi. Meter tempering

Other Useful Solutions
 Renewable energy sources.
 Distributed local generation.
 Availability Based Tariff.
 Improved Power Quality.
 Demand side management.
 IT applications.
 Benchmarking.
 Employee & Consumer Training.
Renewable Energy Sources
 The World is blessed with an abundance of
renewable energy sources e.g. sunlight, water and
biomass.
 Wind Super power: It can be considered as the
largest renewable energy sources.
 Eco-Friendly power: solar photovoltaic electricity
can contribute significantly to reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions from the thermal power
plants.
 Distributed Generation
 The cost of laying transmission lines in rural areas cannot be
recovered due to less return.
 Low tariff in agriculture and domestic sector leave few resources
to expand or maintain the quality of supply.
 Distributed generation is very useful to supply power in rural and
remote places where the long distribution lines result in high
losses.
 It can help to reduce congestion on the power lines and strengthen
local area transmission and distribution network.
 It reduces the liklihood and impact of large-scale power outages
while smoothing output fluctuations from individual power
systems.
 The benefits of DG over T&D and its customers include risk
management, line loss reduction and voltage stability support.
Availability Based Tariff(ABT)
 It controls the frequency variations by penalty/reward
mechanism for any deviations from the schedule.
 It helps to reduce gap between supply and demand by
scheduling of every 15 minutes block.
 It takes care of merit order of dispatch
:- Maximization of generation during peak load hours and
load curtailment equal to the deficit of generation.
:- Backing down of generation to match the
system load reduction during off-peak hours,
keeping the merit order of dispatch in view.
 It improves grid discipline and thereby reduce transmission
losses.
Power Quality Problems
 The quality of power at distribution level is very
bad in Pakistan (voltage deviations are more than
25% and frequency deviations >5%).
 Voltage stabilizers at consumer’s premises result
in incremental losses and require additional
capital cost.
 Harmonics has not been focused though it also
increases the loss and distorts the power factor.
 Harmonics
 In non-linear loads, the current is of complex waveform due to
dynamic characteristics of the load. The component of the complex
waveform can be described as superposition of waveforms, called
harmonics, having frequencies from 0 to infinity.
 For distribution systems which must handle a large percentage of
non-linear loads, the percentage of harmonic currents can be very
high.
 Switch-mode power supplies, PWM converters, voltage source
converters, fluorescent lighting with electronic ballasting,
computers are the major sources of harmonics current.
 About 58% of all power used can have harmonic currents
overloading transformers, capacitors and other components on the
distribution system.
Harmonics…
 The additional current will increase losses in wire, bus bars,
transformers and power factor correction capacitors used in
the distribution system.
 The additional heating caused by each of the harmonic
currents of high frequencies.
 Harmonic current will cause voltage distortion and low power
factor.
 Due to harmonic current the use of line filters before a drive
will add more losses to the electrical system and could create
line ringing and large voltage transients.
Reduction of Harmonics
 Preventive solutions
:- Phase cancellation or harmonic control in power
converters by line reactors or isolation transformers.
:- Developing procedures and methods to control,
reduce of eliminate harmonics in power system
equipment
 Remedial solutions
:- Use of filters(passive & active filters)
:- Circuit detuning which involves reconfiguration of
feeders or relocation of capacitor banks to overcome
resonance
Demand Side Management
 Systematic utilization of energy
 Maximizing efficiency
 Balancing supply and demand at consumer level
 Improve economic development
 Involve environment friendly power and reduce
energy bills
 Energy conservation
 Energy audit
DSM by consumer training
 Consumer can be trained for
:- Shifting of energy use to off-peak hours
:- Energy conservation
:- Efficient choice and utilization of electric
appliances
:- Standards, quality and performance
evaluation of domestic electric equipments
:- Energy audit
IT Applications
 Integrated inventory and billing system
 Customers profiling

 Data mining

 Load survey data and network analysis of

HT systems
 Geographical Information System (GIS) and

Customer Relationship Management

Benchmarking
 Benchmarking is a collaborative learning process among a
group of companies to
:- focus on specific operating practices,
:- compare measures and results
:- identify improved processes
within their organizations
 Benefits of Benchmarking
:- Promoting competition
:- Performance evaluation
:- Coordinated tariff
:- Improving power quality and productivity
:- Maximizing efficiency
Employee Training
 Employees training should be conducted on
a regular basis to upgrade their knowledge
 Survey of UP Discoms shows that there is a
pressing need for training of employees at
all level and in all fields of the electric
distribution company.
 Employees also have much interest in IT
applications in power sector
Employee training….
 Employees can be taught for
:- Overview of the electric system operations
including engineering criticality and quality.
:- Awareness of Reforms program- APDRP
:- Simulation tools
:- Energy audit
:- Energy management system
:- Management information system
:- Finance and Accounts
Government Initiatives
 Accelerated Power Development and Reform
Programme (APDRP)
:- Full metering, energy audit and MIS, control
of theft.
:- Increase in transformation capacity.
:- Increase in HT/LT ratio. Systems analysis and
reconfiguration.
Initiatives by Utilities

 Installation of electronic meters at sub-transmission

and distribution level.
 Replacement of faulty meters
 Computing Aggregated technical and commercial
(ATC) losses
 Consumer indexing
 Improving billing and payment mechanism
 Introducing an LT less distribution system
 Improving quality of power
 Customer care centres
 Training employees
 Chapter No. 2: Load Analysis and Management
23

 Types of Load
 Variable Load on Power System
 Load Curve and Load Duration Curve
 Load Forecasting
 Definitions: C.L,L.F, D.F, C.F and U.F; etc
 Numericals
 Load Management
 Economics of Power Losses
 Power Loss Reduction
 THANK
YOU
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