UNIVERSITAS BATAM

Gerunds
infinitives
Bahasa Inggris
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 CONTENTS
13-1 Verb + gerund
13-2 Go + -ing
13-3 Verb + infinitive
13-4 Verb + gerund or infinitive
13-5 Preposition + gerund
13-6 Using by and with to express how something is done
13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it + infinitive
13-8 It + infinitive: using for (someone)
13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for
13-10 Using infinitives with too and enough

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13-1 VERB + GERUND

She keeps worrying about

her husband.

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 13-1 VERB + GERUND

verb gerund
(a) I like be ing with you.

• -ing form of a verb

gerund • used as a noun
• object of the verb

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 13-1 VERB + GERUND

(b) They enjoy eating pizza.

(c) They have finished
working on a big
project.

(d) My sister never stops

talking on the phone.
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13-1 VERB + GERUND

(e) I wish they would

quit arguing.

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13-1 VERB + GERUND

(f) Would you mind taking

my picture?

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 13-1 VERB + GERUND

(g) I usually postpone doing my taxes until the

last minute.
(h) Many people put off doing their taxes until
the last minute.

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 13-1 VERB + GERUND

(i) They have to keep (on) working until the

project is finished.

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 13-1 VERB + GERUND

(j) They are considering breaking up.

(k) They are thinking about breaking up.

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 13-1 VERB + GERUND

(l) They discussed breaking up.

(m) They talked about breaking up, but they
decided to stay together.

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 13-1 VERB + GERUND

(n) She is considering not going to work today.

not + gerund = negative form

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 13-1 LET’S PRACTICE

thinking about ______

They are ____________ going out to play.

think about
go

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 13-1 LET’S PRACTICE

Do you want to _________

talk about
buying a new house?
_______

talk about
buy

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13-1 LET’S PRACTICE

Would you consider giving us

_______ ______
less homework this week?

consider
give

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13-2 GO + -ING

It’s a beautiful day.

Let’s go canoeing.

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 13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

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 13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

(b) We went camping on the beach.

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 13-2 GO + -ING

(a) These guys are going skydiving soon.

(b) We went camping on the beach.
(c) Larry hasn’t gone skiing lately.

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 13-2 GO + -ING

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

(b) We went camping on the beach.
(c) Larry hasn’t gone skiing lately.

go + gerund
certain expressions about activities

INCORRECT: I like to go to dancing.

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 13-2 LET’S PRACTICE

go ________.
Mr. Anders loves to ___ fishing

go
fish

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 13-2 LET’S PRACTICE

go ________.
My parents love to ___ dancing

go
dance

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

I expected you to be here

an hour ago.

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13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate

this year.

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 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate this year

(b) He intends to study hard this year.

to + simple form of verb = AN INFINITIVE

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 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE

(a) I hope to graduate this year

(b) He intends to study hard this year.
(c) She decided not to attend medical school.

negative = not + infinitive

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 13-3 LET’S PRACTICE

At their wedding, they ________

promised ___
to ____
stay
together forever.

promise
stay

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 13-3 LET’S PRACTICE

I _____
would _____
love _____ go on a cruise,
to _____
but I can’t afford it.

would love
go

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 13-3 LET’S PRACTICE

I ______
seem ___
to ___
be out of money.

seem
be

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13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE

I love to go
fishing with
my dad.

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13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE

(a) All of a sudden, it began raining.

(b) All of a sudden, it began to rain.

gerund
some or
verbs infinitive

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 13-4 LET’S PRACTICE

hate
wait

hate ___
I _____ to _____
wait in line.

hate _______
I _____ waiting in line.

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 13-4 LET’S PRACTICE

begin
study

began __________
I ______ studying yesterday, but I quit.
began _____
I _____ to _____
study yesterday, but I quit.

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13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

She is nervous about

testifying at the trial.

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 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving.

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 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving.

(b) Alex is responsible for leading our team
project.

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 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND

(a) Some people are afraid of driving.

(b) Alex is responsible for leading our team
project.
(c) She apologized for being
rude to her mom.

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 13-5 LET’S PRACTICE

Angie is good ___ teaching math.

at (teach) ________

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 13-5 LET’S PRACTICE

studying
on (study) __________
They are planning ____
all afternoon for the test.

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 13-5 LET’S PRACTICE

starting
about (start) _______
They are excited ______
their new project.

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 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE

It takes six hours to get from

Baltimore to Seattle by air.

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 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE

(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the

number of minutes and pressing the ON button.

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 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE

(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the

number of minutes and pressing the ON button.

By + a gerund how something

is done

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 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

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 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.

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 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW
SOMETHING IS DONE

(b) I love travelling by train.

(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.

by
OR + noun how something
with is done

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 13-6 LET’S PRACTICE

Some people in London get around by

by double-decker bus. with
___

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 13-6 LET’S PRACTICE

Most students don’t write their

by hand anymore.
reports _____ by
with

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 13-6 LET’S PRACTICE

Floors can be cleaned _____

with a mop.

by
with

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13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +
INFINITIVE

Riding a motorcycle
can be exciting.

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 13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +
INFINITIVE

(a) Riding motorcycles is dangerous.

same
meaning
(b) It is dangerous to ride motorcycles.

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 13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +
INFINITIVE

(c) Visiting other countries is fun.

gerund subject
a gerund is singular verb is singular

(d) It is fun to visit other countries.

it subject
it to visit other countries

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 13-7 LET’S PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

It is important to do well in school.

Doing well in school is important.
________________

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 13-7 LET’S PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

It can be helpful to study with a friend.

Studying with a friend can be helpful
_____________________________.

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 13-7 LET’S PRACTICE

Gerund as subject

Is it scary to climb mountains?

Yes, climbing mountains is scary
_______________________.

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13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

It is a good idea for

everyone to get a flu shot.

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 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(a) You should get a flu shot.

(b) It is necessary forsimilar
you to get a flu shot.
meaning

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 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(a) You should get a flu shot.

(b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot.

(c) He should be careful.

(d) It is important for him to be careful.

it is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive

phrase
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 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(e) We don’t have to go to work today.

(f) It isn’t necessary for us to go to work today.

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 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)

(e) We don’t have to go to work today.

(f) It isn’t necessary for us to go to work today.

(g) A dog can’t drive a car.

(h) It is impossible for a dog to drive a car.

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 13-8 LET’S PRACTICE

World leaders should be honest.

for world leaders to be honest

It is important ________________________.

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 13-8 LET’S PRACTICE

In some cultures, brides wear red.

In some cultures, it is appropriate
___________________.
for brides to wear red

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13-8 LET’S PRACTICE

Snakes can’t run.

for snakes to run

It is impossible _______________.

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 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND
FOR

I am going to college in order to

get a good education.

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 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND
FOR

- Why are you going to college?

a) I am going to college because I
want a good education.
b) I am going to college in order to same
meaning
get a good education.
c) I am going to college to get a
good education.
in order frequently
In order to omitted
purpose

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 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND
FOR

(d) I am going to college for an education.

for purpose
preposition noun

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 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND
FOR

(d) I am going to college for an education.

(e) I am going to college to get an education.

INCORRECT:
I am going to college for to get an education.

INCORRECT:
I am going to college for getting an education.

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 13-9 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money.

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 13-9 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
I went to the ATM for to withdraw money.

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 13-9 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
I went to the ATM for withdrawing money.

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 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

This dessert is too delicious

to resist.

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 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

TOO + ADJECTIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE

(a) Hang gliding is too scary to try.

(b) Hang gliding is too scary for me to try.
(c) Hang gliding is too scary for Sue to try.

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 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

Hang gliding is
too scary to try. Don’t even
think of
trying it.

too + adjective negative result

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 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

COMPARE

Hang gliding is too scary. I can’t do it.

Flying is very scary, but I can do it.

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 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

ENOUGH + NOUN + INFINITIVE

(d) I don’t have enough time to mop the floor.
(e) Do you have enough time to do it?

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 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE

(f) I’m not strong

enough to mop
the floor.

(g) Are you strong enough to do it?

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 13-10 LET’S PRACTICE

I am too clumsy. I can’t be a waitress.

too clumsy to be a waitress

I am ______________________.

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 13-10 LET’S PRACTICE

These shoes are too small for me.

big enough for me

These shoes aren’t ________________.

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 13-10 LET’S PRACTICE

Hang gliding takes a lot of courage.

enough courage to try it.

I don’t have ______________

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 PHOTO CREDITS

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• Clipart, Inc.

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Thank you!

*Additional design by Fajaryanto Suhardi 2015.
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