BASIC DETAILS OF TURBINES

AND
SELECTION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

PRESENTED BY : GANGADHAR ASHISH (GET)

GUIDED BY : MR. K. N. SHARATH (SR. ENGG.)

POWER HOUSE DEPT.

 TURBINE
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a
fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
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 ROLE OF TURBINE
 Almost all electrical power on Earth is produced with a
turbine of some type.

 Most jet engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical

work from their working fluid.

 A gas turbine, for example, may refer to an internal

combustion machine that contains a turbine.

 Reciprocating piston engines such as aircraft engines can

use a turbine powered by their exhaust to drive an intake-
air compressor, a configuration known as a turbocharger.
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 TYPES OF TURBINE

FOR POWER GENERATION

 STEAM TURBINE
 HYDRAULIC TURBINE
 GAS TURBINE
 WIND TURBINE

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 STEAM TURBINE
 A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it
into rotary motion.

 It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating

piston steam engine primarily because of its greater
thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio.
About 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by
use of steam turbines.

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TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE

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 IMPULSE TURBINE:- These turbines change the
direction of flow of a high velocity fluid or gas jet. The
resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid
flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no
pressure change of the fluid or gas in the turbine rotor
blades.

 REACTION TURBINE:- These turbines develop torque

by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The
pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes
through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is
needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the
turbine stage.

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 HYDRAULIC TURBINE
 Purpose: - To convert Hydraulic Energy into Mechanical
energy
 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES:-
 IMPULSE TURBINE :- Converts Potential energy of
water into Kinetic energy.
Ex.- Pelton wheel:-utilized for High Heads

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 REACTION TURBINE
 In reaction turbine relative velocities are small as
compared to impulse turbine and hence Friction losses
are reduced & having better efficiency.
 TYPES OF REACTION TURBINE:-
1. Francis Turbine:-mixed flow type turbine in which
water enters radially and leaves axially. This Turbine is
medium head turbine and it overlaps with the range of
high head and low head so attention should be taken

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2. Propeller Turbine:-Development of this turbine is result
of search for high Specific speed machine for low heads
which cuts cost of machine per horse power in low head
developments.

3. Kaplan Turbine:-special case of Propeller turbine in

which there are Adjustable blades instead of fixed
blades.

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TABLE: Suitable Specific Speeds and Heads for different
Turbines:-
Turbine Specific speed Head
1.Impulse 4-35 for 1 jet >250m
2.Francis 60-400 2.5 to 450m
3.Kaplan 300-1000 1.5 to 70m
4.Propeller 300-800 1.5 to 30m

High Specific speed reduces the overall size, weight and

cost of turbine. It, however, requires a lower setting to reduce
cavitation and results in lower maximum efficiency.

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 SELECTION OF TURBINES
 When the Head is not in an overlapping range, choice of
selection becomes easier.
 Efficiency and other factors then affect the selection of
turbine.
1. Net Head available to turbine dictates selection of type
of turbine suitable for particular site.
2. Rate of flow determines the capacity of the turbine.
3. Specific Speed used in classifying types of turbines and
characteristics witin type.

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FACTORS GOVERNING THE SELECTION OF TURBINE

 Head and discharge 

 Specific speed 
 Variation of head 
 Maximum efficiency 
 Part load efficiency 
 Initial cost of civil works 
 No. of units 
 Running and maintenance cost 
 Cavitation characteristics
 Transporting limitation

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 NUMBER OF TURBINE
 Smaller number of large units will be more Economical
than larger number of smaller units. Also in the Power
station it would be advisable to have identical units.

 The importance of Power house in the grid is also a

major determining factor regarding the number of units.
Thus if there are a large number of power stations
connected to a grid then a proposed power house can
have a single unit.

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 GAS TURBINE
 A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a
rotary engine that extracts energy from a flow of
combustion gas. It has an upstream compressor coupled
to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-
between.
 Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor,
where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high
pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of
the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the
combustion are forced into the turbine section. There,
the high velocity and volume of the gas flow is directed
through a nozzle over the turbine's blades, spinning the
turbine which powers the compressor and drives their
mechanical output.
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GAS TURBINE DESCRIPTION

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Jet engines
 WIND TURBINE
 A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy
from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical
energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be
called a wind generator or wind charger. If the
mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as
for grinding grain or pumping water, the device is called
a windmill or wind pump.

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TYPES

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CASE STUDY OF SISSIRI HYDRO PROJECT
FOR SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE
TURBINE
 DETAILS REGARDING SISSIRI HYDRO PROJECT:-
 Full Reservoir Level (FRL):- 510m
 Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL):- 502m
 Tail Water Level, 3 units at rated load :- 393.5m
 Net Heads:-
 Maximum net head, one unit in operation:- 115.5m
 Maximum net head, 3 unit in operation:- 113.5m
 Minimum net head, 3 unit in operation:- 105.5m
 Rated net head :- 110.83m
 OUTPUT:- 74*(3units)= 222 MW
 Output power in H.P. = 99,195.71 (For 1 unit i.e. 74 MW)
 Discharge in each Penstock :- 74.68 m3/s
 Rotational Speed of Turbine :- 214.3 rpm 20
COMPARISON BETWEEN TURBINES

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 CONCLUSONS
 According to head available and specific speed of
turbine in Sissiri hydro project (i.e.110.83m and 214.3
rpm),Francis Turbine is suggested.
 According to head available and discharge available at
Sissiri hydro project (i.e.110.83m & 74.68 m3/s), Francis
Turbine is suggested.
 As per the Head available, Discharge and Power
required (i.e.99,195.71 hp), Francis Turbine is
Suggested.
 SUGGESTION :- Francis Turbine is suitable even if
some variation in Head and Discharge since here
condition comes under Francis range completely.

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 REFRENCES
 Hand Book of Electric Engineering By P.S.Nigam,
Selecting Hydraulic Reaction Turbines By United State.
 Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation ,
Guidelines for Selection of Turbine and Governing System
for Hydro-electric Project By Alternate Hydro Energy
Centre IIT Roorkee.
 Guidelines for Selection of Turbines,Preliminary
Dimensioning And Layout of Hydro-Electric Power Houses
(Indian Standard-IS 12800(Part 1)1993)
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 www.google.com

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