Microprocessor

&
Microcontroller

Spring 2018
 RISC and CISC

• AVR, PIC, ARM 8086/88, 8051

 Instruction size
• RISC has fixed instruction size
• CISC has variable instruction size
 Power dissipation CISC
• CISC has many
instruction, means has
many transistor.
• More transistor mean
more power
consumption and
more Heat dissipation.
• That’s way CISC
processor needs Heat
sink
 Power dissipation RISC
• RISC has few instruction,
means has few
transistor then CISC.
• Few transistor mean less
power consumption and
generate less Heat.
• That’s way RISC
processor usually not
required Heat sink
Harvard Architecture vs Von Neumann
Architecture
 MIPS
• MIPS: (Million Instructions Per Second)=is a
measure of a computer's processor speed.

• Thousand/kilo instructions per

second (TIPS/KIPS)
• Million instructions per second (MIPS)
• billion instructions per second (GIPS)
 Throughput
• In general terms, throughput is the maximum
rate of production or the maximum rate at
which something can be processed.

• Example: Network Throughput

Before In-System programmer
In-system Programming
 ROM (Read Only Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
• PROM (Programmable ROM) (OTP:One Time
Programming)
• EPROM (Erasable PROM)
1. UV-ROM
2. EEPROM
 Flash Memory
• Flash memory is one kind of Non-volatile
random-access memory
• The main difference between EEPROM and
flash memory is that EEPROM can "write" to
any byte of memory, at any time. Flash memory
can only write to an entire chunk, or "sector",
of memory at a time. That means that if the
user wants to change only one byte, flash must
also re-write all the bytes in that sector
 RAM (Random Access Memory)

• SRAM (Static RAM)

Made up of Flip Flop
Have static operation

• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

Made up to capacitor
Densely Memory
 Black Out and Brown Out
A brownout is an intentional or
unintentional drop in voltage in an
Black Out mean Power off
electrical power supply system.
Watchdog Timer
Watchdog Timer
 Microcontroller vendors
• ARM core processors (many vendors)
– ARM Cortex-M cores are specifically targeted towards microcontroller applications
• Atmel AVR (8-bit), AVR32 (32-bit), and AT91SAM (32-bit)
• Cypress Semiconductor's M8C core used in their PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip)
• Freescale ColdFire (32-bit) and S08 (8-bit)
• Freescale 68HC11 (8-bit), and others based on the Motorola 6800 family
• Intel 8051, also manufactured by NXP Semiconductors, Infineon and many others
• Infineon: 8-bit XC800, 16-bit XE166, 32-bit XMC4000 (ARM based Cortex M4F), 32-bit TriCore and, 32-bit
Aurix Tricore Bit microcontrollers[19]
• MIPS
• Microchip Technology PIC, (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 / PIC24), (32-bit PIC32)
• NXP Semiconductors LPC1000, LPC2000, LPC3000, LPC4000 (32-bit), LPC900, LPC700 (8-bit)
• Parallax Propeller
• PowerPC ISE
• Rabbit 2000 (8-bit)
• Renesas Electronics: RL78 16-bit MCU; RX 32-bit MCU; SuperH; V850 32-bit MCU; H8; R8C 16-bit MCU
• Silicon Laboratories Pipelined 8-bit 8051 microcontrollers and mixed-signal ARM-based 32-bit
microcontrollers
• STMicroelectronics STM8 (8-bit), ST10 (16-bit), STM32 (32-bit), SPC5 (automotive 32-bit)
• Texas Instruments TI MSP430 (16-bit), MSP432 (32-bit), C2000 (32-bit)
• Toshiba TLCS-870 (8-bit/16-bit)
 Endianness
Big-endian format, whenever addressing memory or sending/storing words bytewise,
the most significant byte — the byte containing the most significant bit — is stored
first (has the lowest address) or sent first, then the following bytes are stored or sent
in decreasing significance order, with the least significant byte — the one containing
the least significant bit — stored last (having the highest address) or sent last.
Little-endian format reverses this order: the sequence addresses/sends/stores the
least significant byte first (lowest address) and the most significant byte last (highest
address). 
 Endianness Example
• Little Endian Example
 Endianness Example
• little-endian: The Intel x86 and AMD64 / 
x86-64
• Big-endian: The IBM z/Architecture, Freescale
ColdFire (which is Motorola 68000 series-
based), Xilinx Microblaze, SuperH, Atmel 
AVR32.