INDIUM

ELEMENT
 Indium

Indium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has

the symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a post-transition
metal that makes up 0.21 ppm of the Earth's crust. Indium
is very soft and malleable, has a higher melting point than
sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and lead.
Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and
most of its properties are between gallium and thallium.
Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and
Hieronim Theodor Richter with a spectroscopic method.
 Physical Properties of Indium
 Indium is a highly ductile silvery-white post-transition metal with a bright
luster.
 Phase : Solid
 Melting point : 429.7485 K (156.5985 ° C, 313.8773 ° F)
 Boiling Point : 2345 K (2072 ° C, 3762 ° F)
 Densities
Close to s.k. : 7.31 g / cm3
when liquid, at mp. : 7.02 g / cm3
 Triple point : 429.7445 K, ~ 1 kPa [1]
 The heat of melting : 3.281 kJ / mol
 Heat of evaporation : 231.8 kJ / mol
 Molar heating capacity : 26.74 J / (mol K)
 Indium Chemical Properties
Indium has 49 electrons, with the electron configuration of [Kr] 4d105s25p1. In
compounds, indium most often donates three of its outer electrons to become indium
(III), In3 +. Thallium (the heavier homologue of indium) exhibits a stronger effect,
making oxidation to thallium (I) more likely than to thallium (III), whereas gallium (a
lighter homologous indium) usually only shows the +3 oxidation state. So, although
thallium (III) is a fairly strong oxidizing agent, indium (III) is not the case. In fact, many
indium (I) compounds are strong reducing agents. While the lowest energy required to
insert an s electron into a chemical bond is for indium among the group 13 metals, the
bond energy decreases along the group from top to bottom so for indium, the energy
released in forming two additional bonds and reaching the +3 state is not always enough
to exceed the energy required to engage the 5s electrons. Indium (I) oxide and
hydroxide are more alkaline while indium (III) oxide and hydroxide are more acidic.
 Indium Compound

● Indium (III) oxide, In2O3, is formed when indium metal is burned in air or
when its hydroxide or nitrate is heated.
● Indium reacts with water to give indium (III) hydroxide, which is soluble
and amphoteric; with alkalis gives indate (III); and with the acid yields the
indium (III) salt: In (OH) 3 + 3 HCl → InCl3 + 3 H2O
● Indium forms trihalides. Chlorination, bromination, and iodination of In
produce colorless InCl3 and InBr3, and yellow InI3.
● Indium's direct reaction with the pythonogen produces a III-V
semiconductor which is gray or semimetallic.
 Indium Application
● The first large-scale application of indium was for bearing coatings in high-
performance aircraft engines during World War II, to protect against damage and
corrosion.
● Indium (III) oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO) are used as transparent conductive
coatings on glass substrates in electro-luminescent panels.
● Indium has many applications related to semiconductors. Some indium compounds,
such as indium antimonide and indium phosphide, are semiconductors with useful
properties: one precursor is usually trimethylindium (TMI), which is also used as a
dopant semiconductor in II-VI compound semiconductors.
● Indium cables are used as vacuum sealers and thermal conductors in cryogenic and
ultra-high vacuum applications, in manufacturing applications such as gaskets that
deform to fill gaps.
 The Existence of Indium
Indium is formed through a very long s (slow neutron capture) process
(reaching hundreds of years) in low to medium mass stars (mass
ranges between 0.6 and 10 times the mass of the sun). In the Earth's
crust, indium rarely occurs as a free metallic grain. , too rare and small
for commercial purposes. [41] Indium is the most abundant element in
the Earth's crust at about 160 ppb, about as abundant as cadmium. [42]
Fewer than 10 of the minerals indium are known and none of these
deposits are significant. Two of them are dzhalindite (In (OH) 3) and
indit (FeIn2S4).
THALLIUM
ELEMENT
 Thallium

Thallium is a chemical element in the periodic table that

has the symbol Tl and atomic number 81. A slightly bluish
white, odorless, very soft metallic solid, turning gray when
exposed to air. This metal is very poisonous and has been
used as an ingredient in rat poison and insecticide. Since it
is known that it may cause cancer (although the EPA does
not classify it as a carcinogen), its use for this purpose has
been reduced or prohibited in many countries. Thallium is
also used as an infrared detector. The abundance of
thallium is only about 0.00006% (0.6 ppm).
 Physical Properties of Thallium

 Phase : Solid
 Melting point : 577 K (304 ° C, 579 ° F)
 Boiling Point : 1746 K (1473 ° C, 2683 ° F)
 Densities
 close to s.k. : 11.85 g / cm3
 when liquid, at mp. 11.22 g / cm3
 Heat of melting : 4.14 kJ / mol
 Heat of evaporation : 165 kJ / mol
 Molar heating capacity : 26.32 J / (mol K)
 Properties of Thallium Atom

 Oxidation numbers : 3, 2, 1 (slightly basic oxide)

 Pauling Scale Electronegativity : 1.62
 Empirical atomic radius : 170 pm
 Covalent radius : 145 ± 7 pm
 Van der Waals Radius : 196 pm
 Thallium Extraction
 Thallium is separated from the mixture by dissolving the mixture in a sulfuric acid
solution to give a precipitate of PbSO4. Then added again with HCl to form a TlCl
precipitate. Further purification can be achieved by electrolysis of Thallium salt
solution.
 Metal thalium is obtained as a product in the production of sulfuric acid by burning
pyrite and also in the smelting of lead and iron ore.
 Although thalium metal is somewhat abundant in the earth's crust at an estimated
concentration of 0.7 mg / kg, it is mostly in the combined minerals of potassium in
clay, soil and granite. The main sources of thalium are found in copper, lead, zinc
and other sulfide ores.
 Thalium metal is found in the minerals crookesite TlCu7Se4, hutchinsonite
TlPbAs5S9 and lorandite TlAsS2. This metal can also be found in pyrite.
 Thallium Compound

● Thallium reacts with oxides similar to Gallium, but Thallium only

produces TI2O3 which is black and brown which decomposes into Tl2O
at 100oC : 2Tl (s) + O2 (g) → Tl2O
● Thallium doesn't seem to react with water. Thallium metal fades slowly in
wet water or dissolves in water to give the toxic thalium (I) hydroxide :
2Tl (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2 TlOH (aq) + H2 (g)
● Thallium metal reacts violently with halogen elements such as fluorine
(F2), chlorine (Cl2), and bromine (Br2) to form thalium (III) fluoride,
thalium (III) chloride, and thalium (III) bromide. All of these compounds
are poisonous.2Tl (s) + 3F2 (g) → 2TiF3 (s)
 Uses of Thallium
1. Thallium sulfate is colorless, tasteless, and very poisonous used as an
insecticide
2. Thallium produced from sodium iodide crystals in a photomultiper tube is
used in gamma ray radiation detectors
3. The ability of thallium bromoiodide crystals to emit infrared radiation and
oxisulfide crystals to detect certain types of wave radiation and are used in
military communications
4.A mixture of thallium and mercury which forms a metal liquid which freezes
at -60 C is used to make low temperature thermometers and relays.
5. Thallium salts that burn to produce a green glow are used in rockets and
fireworks.
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