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org/concept/HIV/
Origins of HIV
Dr. Matthew Marsden, Ph.D.
UCLA School of Medicine
A new disease…
On http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/aids-timeline/
• What is HIV?
Causative agent:
Causative agent:
Disease:
A – Acquired – AIDS is not something you inherit from your parents like eye color.
You acquire AIDS.
I – Immuno – Your body's immune system includes all the organs and cells that work to
fight off infection or disease.
D – Deficiency – You get AIDS when your immune system is "deficient,"
or isn't working the way it should.
S – Syndrome – A syndrome is a collection of symptoms and signs of disease. AIDS is a syndrome,
rather than a single disease. It is a complex illness with a wide range of symptoms.
http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids/
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is a type of virus
(from the Latin “virus” referring to poison).
Viruses are:
Small
-Generally too small to see with a regular light microscope (20 - 400 nm diameter)
If a cell was a football stadium then a small virus would be around the size of a
football.
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is a type of virus
(from the Latin “virus” referring to poison).
Viruses are:
Small
-Generally too small to see with a regular light microscope (20 - 400 nm diameter)
If a cell was a football stadium then a small virus would be around the size of a
football.
Viruses are:
Small
-Generally too small to see with a regular light microscope (20 - 400 nm diameter)
If a cell was a football stadium then a small virus would be around the size of a
football.
Thousands of very different types of virus exist and HIV is a particular type termed a
“retrovirus”.
What is the difference between a virus
and a bacteria?
Bacteria Virus
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/vir-size.jpg
An average virus is much smaller than an average bacterium
Relative size:
Bacterium
Virus
Image modified from
The HIV genome is composed of 9 genes, which encode 15 proteins.
http://tcf.epfl.ch/page-20833-en.html
http://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/
gene-
web/Lentiviral/Lentivi2.html
For comparison, the E. Coli bacterium contains around 4,377 genes and the human genome
encodes around 21,000 genes.
How is HIV transmitted?
http://aids.gov
Basic characteristics of HIV
disease course.
HIV is a virus that infects and destroys cells of the immune system (CD4+ cells).
http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids/
HIV is a virus that infects and destroys cells of the immune system (CD4+ cells).
http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids/
http://www.healthhype.com/cd4-count-dropping-viral-load-stable-in-hiv-infection-graph.html
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/Biology/pages/clinicalcourse.aspx
Reasons for the rapid rate of
HIV evolution.
HIV Life cycle
http://preprod.www.tibotec.com/content/backgrounders/www.tibotec.com/hiv_lifecycle.html
HIV Life cycle
• HIV mutates every time it replicates
http://preprod.www.tibotec.com/content/backgrounders/www.tibotec.com/hiv_lifecycle.html
Comparison of HIV genetic variation with flu virus (longer lines mean more mutations)
http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n6s/fig_tab/embor857_F1.htm
Comparison of HIV genetic variation with flu virus (longer lines mean more mutations)
http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n6s/fig_tab/embor857_F1.htm
Comparison of HIV genetic variation with flu virus (longer lines mean more mutations)
http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n6s/fig_tab/embor857_F1.htm
Comparison of HIV genetic variation with flu virus (longer lines mean more mutations)
http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n6s/fig_tab/embor857_F1.htm
HIV “family tree”
http://www.avert.org/hiv-types.htm
Where did HIV come from?
Zoonosis = Cross-species transmission event
http://what-when-how.com/medical-microbiology-and-infection/zoonoses-systemic-infection/
Phylogeny of lentiviruses.
http://www.avert.org/hiv-types.htm
Where did HIV come from?
HIV entered the human population from primates, which harbor a related virus known as SIV
(simian immunodeficiency virus). This probably occurred during the butchering and
consumption of monkey meat in Africa.
http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/chimpanzee
http://www.avert.org/hiv-types.htm
Where did HIV come from?
HIV entered the human population from primates, which harbor a related virus known as SIV
(simian immunodeficiency virus). This probably occurred during the butchering and
consumption of monkey meat in Africa.
http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/chimpanzee
http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsh
eets/entry/sooty_mangabey
New viruses are still being transferred from primates to humans, and have the potential to
cause new diseases and epidemics.
Origins of human AIDS viruses.
Likely independent
transmission
events into humans
Likely independent
transmission
events into humans
Questions?