 Introduction to the basics of vibration

Overview of vibration instrumentation

Overview & selection of transducers

Role of spike energy, shock pulse and HFD

Vibration signature analysis

Specifying spectral band alarm levels and frequencies

Common pitfalls in every vibration measurements

Implementing an effective predictive maintenance programme

Real world case histories

 Condition Monitoring

The assessment on a continuous or periodic basis of the mechanical

condition of machinery, equipment & systems from the observation
and/or recordings of selected measurement parameters.
 Predictive Maintenance
The use of graphic trends of selected measurement parameters against
known engineering limits for the purpose of :

Detecting, Analysing & Correcting

Machinery Defects,

Before Failure Occurs

 Measurement Parameters
 Noise
Temperature
Pressure
Current Flow

Movement : - Expansion – Vibration.

Infra Red : - Thermography

Wear Analysis : -Ferography
Spectrometric Oil Analysis
 Why Use Vibration ?

 All machines Vibrate

 Developing Problems are usually accompanied by an increase in

vibration

 The Vibration’s unique Characteristics Will Be determined by the

Nature of the Developing
 The Four Storages of an Effective Predictive
Maintenance Programme

Detection:
Detection
 Trending a machines vibration level to detect and quantify any changes from
the norm ( Normal Condition ) .

Analysis
When a significant change is detected the vibration is analysed to determine
the nature of the problem

Correction
The advanced warning provided by the detection and analysis enables
corrective action to be prepared and scheduled .

Verification
After correction new readings are obtained to ensure that all defects have
been eliminated and to establish new baseline characteristics .
 Machine Operating Conditions
Bathtub Curve
 Characteristics of Vibration

 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Phase

Any vibration can be defined by the particular combination of these

three characteristics
 Equation 1

Dynamic Force
Vibration Amplitude Response =
Dynamic Resistance
 Vibration Amplitude
 Displacement Waveform
 Maximum Acceleration

Minimum Acceleration

Maximum Acceleration
Measurement Parameters, What
Do They Measure?
 Displacement - How far it moves
(Microns or Mils)

 Velocity - How fast it moves

(mm/sec or in/sec)

 Acceleration - How quickly velocity changes

(g or m/sec2 or in/sec2)
 Vibration Frequency

 The time required to complete one full cycle of vibration is called the
period. i.e. : -
If one period is completed in one fifth of a second, the vibration
frequency would be 5 cycles per second (5HZ) or 300 cycles per
minute (300 CPM).

Frequency
Is Thus
The Reciprocal of The Period
Vibration Specialist 1 – Example

The Vibration in C.P.M

A ) 100
B ) 333
C ) 2.000
D ) 20.000
Comparison Of Frequency & Time Domains
 Vibration Specialist 1 – Example
 For the sine wave, calculate and draw representation of the
frequency spectrum (Amplitude not important)
 What is Phase ?

 The angular reference – at a given instance in time – of a moving

part – to a fixed point.

 The angular reference – at given instance in time – of two moving

parts to each other.
Machine Train Misalignment
 Vibration Characteristics

 Amplitude. How Much

 Frequency How Often

 Phase When
Comparison of Vibration Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration –
Contours of Equal Severity

A(g) V (mm/s) D (um) F (cpm)

0.0002 0.314 100.00 60
0.002 0.314 10.00 600
0.020 0.314 1.00 6,000
0.201 0.314 0.10 60,000
2.012 0.314 0.01 600,000

LOG Frequency ( CPM )

 Calculation of Vibration Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration

 Where :
A = Acceleration (gPK), V= Velocity (mm/sPK), D= Displacement (umPK-PK)

 60   60 
2
D  2 V  103 D  2 g  A  10 6
 2RPM  
 2RPM 
 19.10  103V / RPM (um pK  pK  1.79  10 9 A /( RPM ) 2 (um pK  pK )

 2RPM   60 
V  0.5  D  10 3 V   g  A  103
 60   2RPM 
 52.36  10 6 D  RPM (mm / s pK )  93.68  103 A / RPM (mm / s pK )

 2RPM  V  10
2 3
 2RPM  D  10
6
A  0. 5  A 
  60  g
 60  g
9
 0.559  10 D  ( RPM ) 2 ( g pK )  10.67  10 6V  RPM ( g pK )
?Which Measurement Parameter Should We Use

The Measurement parameter that will give the greatest

response to any change in machinery condition whatever the
cause.

Displacement : 0 cpm - 600 cpm (STRESS)

Velocity : 600 cpm - 120 cpm (FATIGUE)

Acceleration : 120 Kcpm < (FORCE)

Why is velocity the Parameter Normally Used for P.M.P.
? Readings

It gives equal amplitude weighting to all vibration frequencies.

Most rotating machines produce frequencies between 600 CPM to

120KCPM where velocity is the most responsive

It is the only measurement parameter where the overall vibration

level can be applied directly to a standard of vibration severity.

IE : When the frequencies of the vibration are unknown.

 Frequency Resolution

Fmax
= Bandwidth
total lines of resolution