Lawrence Paballa Introduction To Apportionment

INTRODUCTION
to
APPORTIONMENT
Reported by: Lawrence Paballa
-to-
APPORTIO
Reported by:Lawrence Paballa
APPORTIONME
NT
is the problem of dividing up a fixed numbers of things
amongst groups of different sizes. In politics, this takes the
form of allocating a limited number of representatives
amongst voters. This problem, presumably is older than the
united states, but the best known ways to solve it have their
origins in the problem of assigning each state an
appropriate number of representatives in Congress. States
also face this apportionment problem in defining how to
draw districts for state representatives. The apportionment
problem does also comes up in a variety of non-political
areas.
APPORTIONMENT
1. The things being divided up can exist onlyRULES
in whole numbers.
2. We must use all of the things being divided up, and we cannot use any more.
3. Each group must get at least one of the things being divided up.
4. The number of things assigned to each group should be at least approximately proportional to the
population of the group. (Exact proportionality isn't possible because of the whole number
requirement, but we should try to be close. In any case, if Group A is larger than Group B, then
Group B shouldn't get more of the things than Group A does.)
In terms of the apportionment of the United States House of representatives,
these rules imply;
1. We can only have whole representatives (a state can't have 3.4 representatives)
2. We can only use the (currently) 435 representatives available. If one state get
representative, another state has to lose one.
3. Every state gets at least one representative.
4. The number of representatives each state gets should be approximately
proportional to the state population. This way, the number of constituents
each representative has should be approximately equal.
5 ways on how to solve apportionment problems
Hamilton's Method/ Method of largest remainders
Jefferson's Method/ Method of greatest divisors
Webster's Method/ Method of major fractions
Huntington-Hill Method/ Method of equal proportion
Lownde's Method
All but Lownde's Method has been used to apportion the
U.S. congress.
HAMILTON'S
METHOD
Method of largest remainders
Hamilton's
Alexander HamiltonMethod
proposed the method that now bears his
name. His method was approved by congress in 1791, but was
vetoed by President Washington. It was later adopted in 1852 and
used through1911. Since he was interested in the question of
congressional representation, we'll use the language of states and
representatives. Hamilton's Method provides a procedure to
determine how many representatives each state should receive.
• Determine how many people each representative
should represent. Do this by dividing the total
population of all the states by the total number of
representatives. This answer is called the standard
divisor or divisor.
• Divide each state's population by the divisor to
determine how many representatives it should have.
Record this answer to several decimal places. This
answer is called quota.
Since we can only allocate whole representatives. Hamilton resolves the whole
number problem. As follows
• Cut off all decimal parts of all the quotas(but don't forget what the decimals
were). These are caled thelower quotas. Then we add the lower quotas. This
sum will always be less than or equal to the total number of representatives.
• Assuming that the total from step 3 was less than the
total number of representatives, assign the remaining
representatives, one each, to the states whose decimal
parts of the quota were largest, until the desired total is
reached.
• Make sure that each stateends up with at least one

representative!
Consider a country with 4 states and 30 seats in Congress and population
distributed as in the table below
POPULATIO QUOTA INITIAL FINAL
N
State A 27,500
State B 38,300
State C 46,500
State D 76,700
TOTAL 189,000
Divisor=18900÷30=6300
4.3651
6.0794
7.3016
12.1746
=30
4
12
=29
+1 5
12
=30
A teacher wishes to distribute 10 identical pieces of candy among 4 students, based
on how many pages of a book they read last month, using Hamilton's Method. The
table below lists the total number of pages ready by each student
CHILD PAGES
ELMER 580
ROCEL 230
Answer the following
MIA 180
questions. Round to 4
JESSA 130 decimal places
• Find the devisor
• Find the quota for ELMER
• Find the initial apportionment for ELMER
NAME PAGES QUOTA INITIAL FINAL
ELMER 580
ROCEL 230
MIA 180
JESSA 130
TOTAL 1120
Divisor=1120÷10=112
ELMER 580 5.1786
ROCEL 230 2.0536
MIA 180 1.6071
JESSA 130 1.1607
TOTAL 1120 10
ELMER 580 5.1786 5
ROCEL 230 2.0536 2
MIA 180 1.6071 1
JESSA 130 1.1607 1
TOTAL 1120 10 9
ELMER 580 5.1786 5 5
ROCEL 230 2.0536 2 2
MIA 180 1.6071 1+1 2
JESSA 130 1.1607 1 1
TOTAL 1120 10 9 10
Hamilton's Method satisfies the quota rule.
QUOTA RULE
The quota rule says that the final number of representatives a state
gets should be within one of that state's quota. Since we're dealing with
whole numbers for our final answers, that each state should either go up
to the next whole number above it's quota, or down to the next whole
number below it's quota
After seeing Hamilton's Method, many people find that it makes sense and is not
that difficult to use. Why would anyone want another method? The problem is that
Hamilton's Method is subject to several paradoxes. Three of them happened, on
separate occasions, when Hamilton's Method was used to apportion the US house
of representatives
1. The Alabama Paradox

2. The New States Paradox
3. The Population Paradox
Jefferso
n's
Method
After Washington vetoed Hamilton's Method, Thomas Jefferson proposed
a new method called Jefferson's Method. It was used in Congress from 1791
through1842. The method tends to favor large states. Jefferson happen to live
in Virginia, the largest state at the time.
Jefferson's Method differs from Hamilton's Method on how to resolve the
situation when the lower quota or initial
quota is less than the actual seats
available.
• Determine how many people
each representative should
represent. Do this by dividing
the total population of all the
states by the total number of
representatives. This answer is
called the standard divisor or
divisor.
• Divide each state's population
by the divisor to determine
how many representatives it
should have. Record this
• Cut off all the decimal parts of all the quotas(but don't forget what the
decimals were). These are the lower quotas or initial apportionment. Add
up these whole numbers. This will always be less than or equal to the
total number of representatives.
• If the total from step 3 was less than the total number of representatives
reduce the divisor and recalculate the quota and

allocation. Continue doing this until the total in
step 3 is equal to the total number of
representatives. The divisor we end up using is
called the modified divisor or adjusted divisor.
A college offers tutoring in math, english, chemistry and
biology. The number of students enrolled in each subject is
listed at the next page. If the college can only afford to hire
21 tutors determine how many tutors should be assigned to
each subject using Jefferson's Method.
ENROLLMENT QUOTA INITIAL FINAL
MATH 360
ENGLISH 315
CHEMISTRY 135
BIOLOGY 80
TOTAL 890
Standard divisor: 890/21=42.3810

MATH 360 8.494 8
ENGLISH 315 7.433 7
CHEMISTRY 135 3.185 3
BIOLOGY 80 1.888 1
TOTAL 890 19
Modified divisor- 42.3810

MATH 360 8.571 8
ENGLISH 315 7.5 7
BIOLOGY 80 1.905 1
TOTAL 890 19
Modified divisor- 42
MATH 360 9 9 9
ENGLISH 315 7.875 7 7
CHEMISTRY 135 3.375 3 3
BIOLOGY 80 2 2 2
TOTAL 890 21 21
Modified divisor- 40
The legislature in a state has 57 seats. Apportion these seats to the six counties
below using Jefferson's Method.
COUNTY POPULATIONS QUOTA INITIAL FINAL
ADAMS 283000
GRANT 153000
COLTON 108000
DAVIS 346000
HAYES 223000
MCKINLEY 116000
TOTAL 1229000
Standard divisor- 1229000÷57= 21651.404

ADAMS 283000 13.071 13
GRANT 153000 7.067 7
COLTON 108000 4.988 4
DAVIS 346000 15.980 15
HAYES 223000 10.300 10
MCKINLEY 116000 5.358 5
TOTAL 1229000
Standard divisor
21651.404
ADAMS 283000 13.941 13 13
GRANT 153000 7.537 7 7
COLTON 108000 5.320 5 5
DAVIS 346000 17.044 17 17
HAYES 223000 10.985 10 10
MCKINLEY 116000 5.714 5 5
TOTAL 1229000 57
MODIFIED DIVISOR-20300
WEBSTER'S
METHOD
Daniel Webster's (1782-1852) proposed a method similar to
Jefferson's Method in 1832. It was adopted by the U. S.
Congress in 1842, but replaced by Hamilton's Method in
1852. It was then adopted again in 1901 the difference is that
Webster's rounds the quotas to the nearest whole number
rather than dropping the decimal parts. If that doesn't
produce the desired results at the beginning, he says, like
Jefferson, to adjust the divisor until it does. (In Jefferson's
case, at least the first adjustment will always be to make the
divisor smaller. That is not always the case with Webster's
Method)
• Determine how many people each
representative should represent. Do
this by dividing the total population
of all the states by the total
number of representatives. This
answer is called the standard
divisor or divisor.
• Divide each state's population by
the divisor to determine how many
representatives it should have.
• Round all the quotas to the nearest whole number(but don't
forget what the decimals were). Add the values, which can be
called the initial allocation or initial apportionment.
• If the total from step 3 is less than the total number of
representatives, reduce the devisor and recalculate the quota
and allocation . If the total from step 3 is larger than the total
number of representative increase the divisor and recalculate
the quota and allocation. Continue doing this until the total in
step 3 is equal tthe totnumber of representatives. The devisor
we end up is called the MODIFIED divisor or ADJUSTED
divisor.
The legislature in a state has 44 seats abortion these seats to
the five counties below using Webster's method.
COUNTIES POPULATION QUOTA INITIAL FINAL
ADAMS 365,000
GRANT 491,000
COLTON 253,000
DAVIS 189,000
HAYES 284,000
standard divisor- 1,582,000÷44=35954.5455

ADAMS 365,000 10.152
GRANT 491,000 13.656
COLTON 253,000 7.037
DAVIS 189,000 5.257
HAYES 284,000 7.899

ADAMS 365,000 10.152 10
GRANT 491,000 13.656 14
COLTON 253,000 7.037 7
DAVIS 189,000 5.257 5
HAYES 284,000 7.899 8
44

The number of sales people assigned to work during a shift is apportion based
on the average number of customers during that shift apportion 15 sales people
using Webster's method given the information below
CUSTOMER QUOTA INITIAL FINAL
MORNING 145
MIDDAY 270
AFTERNOON 425
EVENING 500
TOTAL 1340
STANDARD DIVISOR: 1340÷15=89.3333

MODIFIED DIVISOR-
MORNING 145 1.623 2
MIDDAY 270 3.022 3
AFTERNOON 425 4.757 5
EVENING 500 5.597 6
TOTAL 1340 16

MODIFIED DIVISOR-
MORNING 145 1.576 2
MIDDAY 270 2.935 3
AFTERNOON 425 4.620 5
EVENING 500 5.435 5
TOTAL 1340 15

MODIFIED DIVISOR-90
MORNING 145 1.576 2 2
MIDDAY 270 2.935 3 3
AFTERNOON 425 4.620 5 5
EVENING 500 5.435 5 5
TOTAL 1340 15 15

MODIFIED DIVISOR-90
Like Jefferson's methods, Webster's method carries a bias in
favor of states with large populations but rounding the quotas
to the nearest whole number greatly reduces this bias.
Also like Jefferson's method Webster's method does not

always follow quota rule, but it follows the quota rule
much more often than Jefferson method does.
In 1980, two mathematicians, Peyton Young

and Mike Balinski, proved what we now call the
Balinski- Young impossibility theorem.
BALINSKI-YOUNG IMPOSSIBILITY THEOREM
The Balinski-Young impossibility Theorem shows that any Apportionment method

which always follows the quota rule will be subject to the possibility of the
paradoxes like the Alabama, new states, or or population paradoxes. In other
words, we can tooth a method that avoid those paradoxes, but only if we are
willing to give up the guarantee of following the quota rule.
-QUOTA RULE-
The quota rule says that the final number of representatives
state gets should be within one of that state's quota. Since
we're dealing with whole numbers for our final answers, that
means that each state should either go up to the next full
number above its quota, down to the next whole number below
its quota.
HUNTINGTON- LL
HILL
METHOD
In 1920, no new apportionment was done, because Congress couldn't agree on
the method to be used. They appointed a committee of mathematicians to
investigate an apportionment method. They recommended the Huntington-
Hill Method. However they continued to use Webster's Method in 1931. After a
second report recommending Huntington-Hill, it was adopted in 1941 and is
the current method of apportionment used in Congress
The Huntington Hill method similar to Webster's

method, but attempts to minimize the percent
differences of how many people each representative will
represent.
• Determine how many people each representative
should represent. Do this by dividing the total
population of all the states by the total number of
representatives. This answer is called the standard
divisor or divisor.
• Divide each state's population by the divisor to
determine how many representatives it should have.
Record this answer to several decimal places. This
answer is called quota.
• Cut off the decimal part of the quota obtain the lower quota, which we'll
call n. Compute √n(n+1), which is the geometric mean of the lower quota
and one value higher.
• If the quota is larger than the geometric mean, round up the quota. If the
hotel is smaller than the geometric mean, around down the quota. Add
up the resulting whole numbers to get the initial allocation.
• If the total from step 4 is less than the total number of representatives,
reduce the device or and recalculate the quota and allocation. If the total
from step 4 is larger than the total number of representatives, increase
the divisor and recalculate
the quota and allocation. Continue doing this until
the total in step 4 is equal to the total number of

representatives. The divisor we end up using is
called the modified divisor or adjusted divisor.
A college offers tutoring in math, English, chemistry, and biology. The number of
students enrolled in each subject is listed below. The college can only afford to
hire 22 tutors. Using Huntington hills Method, deforming the portionment of the
tutors.
ENROLLMENT QUOTA LOWER GEOMETRIC INITIAL
QUOTA MEAN ALLOCATION
MATH 380 10.718 10
ENGLISH 240 6.769 6
BIOLOGY 55 1.551 1
TOTAL 780
_______
Standard divisor: 780 / 22=35.4545 Geometric mean-√n(n+1)
Modified divisor:
tutors.
MATH 380 10.270⬇️ 10 10.488
ENGLISH 240 6.486⬆️ 6 6.481
CHEMISTRY 105 2.838⬆️ 2 2.449
BIOLOGY 55 1.486⬆️ 1 1.414
TOTAL 780
_______
Modified divisor:37
tutors.
MATH 380 10.270⬇️ 10 10.488 10
ENGLISH 240 6.486⬆️ 6 6.481 7
CHEMISTRY 105 2.838⬆️ 2 2.449 3
BIOLOGY 55 1.486⬆️ 1 1.414 2
TOTAL 780 22
_______
Modified divisor:37
William Lowndes (1782-1822) was a congressman from South
Carolina (a small state) who proposed a method of
apportionment that was more favorable to smaller states.
Unlike the methods of Hamilton , Jefferson , and Webster,
Lowndes' methodbelieved
Lowndes' method has never been
that an used to Apportion congress.
additional representative was much more
valuable to a small state than to a large
one. If a state already has 20 to 30
representatives, getting one more doesn't
matter very much. But if it only has 2 or
3, one more is a big deal. He felt that the
additional representatives should go
Like Hamilton's Method, Lowndes's method follows the
quota rule. In fact, it arrives at the same quotas as
Hamilton's and the rest, and like Hamilton and Jefferson, it
drops the decimal parts. But in deciding where the
raimaining representatives should go, we divide the decimal
part(so that the same decimal part with a smaller whole
number is worth more, because it matters more to that
state).
• Determine how many people each
representative should represent. Do
this by dividing the total population
of all the states by the total
number of representatives. This
answer is called the standard
divisor or divisor.
• Divide each state's population by
the divisor to determine how many
representatives it should have.
• Cut off all the decimal parts of all the
quotas (but don't forget what the decimals
were). Add up the whole numbers.
• Assuming that the total from step 3 was
less than the total number of
representatives, divide the decimal parts
of each state's quota by is that whole
number part. Assign that remaining
representative, one each, to the states
whose ratio of decimal part to whole
number part we're largest, until the desired
The legislature in a state has 35 seats. Apportion this seats to
the five counties below using Lowndes'method.
COUNTY POPULATION QUOTA INITIAL FINAL
ADAMS 208000 6.425 6
GRANT 442000 13.654 13
COLTON 163000 5.035 5
DAVIS 210000 6.487 6
HAYES 110000 3.398 3
TOTAL 1133000 33
Standard divisor: 1,133,000/35=32,371.4286

Now to decide who gets the extra se
ats we divide the decimal part of the
quota the whole number part.
Notice we have two extra seats
COUNTY POPULATION QUOTA INITIAL FINAL RATIO
ADAMS 208000 6.425 6 0.071
GRANT 442000 13.654 13 0.050
COLTON 163000 5.035 5 0.007
DAVIS 210000 6.487 6 0.081⭐
HAYES 110000 3.398 3 0.133⭐
TOTAL 1133000 33

COUNTY POPULATION QUOTA INITIAL FINAL RATIO
ADAMS 208000 6.425 6 6 0.071
GRANT 442000 13.654 13 13 0.050
COLTON 163000 5.035 5 5 0.007
DAVIS 210000 6.487 6+1 7 0.081⭐
HAYES 110000 3.398 3+1 4 0.133⭐
TOTAL 1133000 33 35

NAKITA MO BA SI ADA?

Lawrence Paballa Introduction To Apportionment

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INTRODUCTION

Jefferson's Method/ Method of greatest divisors

Webster's Method/ Method of major fractions

Huntington-Hill Method/ Method of equal proportion

• Make sure that each stateends up with at least one

ELMER 580 5.1786

ROCEL 230 2.0536

MIA 180 1.6071

JESSA 130 1.1607

ELMER 580 5.1786 5

ROCEL 230 2.0536 2

MIA 180 1.6071 1

JESSA 130 1.1607 1

ELMER 580 5.1786 5 5

ROCEL 230 2.0536 2 2

MIA 180 1.6071 1+1 2

JESSA 130 1.1607 1 1

1. The Alabama Paradox

reduce the divisor and recalculate the quota and

Standard divisor: 890/21=42.3810

MATH 360 8.494 8

ENGLISH 315 7.433 7

CHEMISTRY 135 3.185 3

Modified divisor- 42.3810

MATH 360 8.571 8

ENGLISH 315 7.5 7

CHEMISTRY 135 3.214 3

ENGLISH 315 7.875 7 7

CHEMISTRY 135 3.375 3 3

Standard divisor- 1229000÷57= 21651.404

ADAMS 283000 13.071 13

GRANT 153000 7.067 7

COLTON 108000 4.988 4

DAVIS 346000 15.980 15

HAYES 223000 10.300 10

MCKINLEY 116000 5.358 5

ADAMS 283000 13.941 13 13

GRANT 153000 7.537 7 7

COLTON 108000 5.320 5 5

DAVIS 346000 17.044 17 17

HAYES 223000 10.985 10 10

MCKINLEY 116000 5.714 5 5

standard divisor- 1,582,000÷44=35954.5455

ADAMS 365,000 10.152

GRANT 491,000 13.656

COLTON 253,000 7.037

DAVIS 189,000 5.257

HAYES 284,000 7.899

standard divisor- 1,582,000÷44=35954.5455

ADAMS 365,000 10.152 10

GRANT 491,000 13.656 14

COLTON 253,000 7.037 7

DAVIS 189,000 5.257 5

HAYES 284,000 7.899 8

standard divisor- 1,582,000÷44=35954.5455

STANDARD DIVISOR: 1340÷15=89.3333

MORNING 145 1.623 2

MIDDAY 270 3.022 3

AFTERNOON 425 4.757 5

EVENING 500 5.597 6

STANDARD DIVISOR: 1340÷15=89.3333

MORNING 145 1.576 2

MIDDAY 270 2.935 3