LECTURE NO.
Drilling machines, Nomenclature, Types,
Operations and Precautions
1
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
To develop an understanding of:
Drilling machines, Nomenclature
Drill bit, Nomenclature
Drilling machines types
Drilling machine operations
Precautions for Drilling machine
2
Drilling
» Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the
work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.
» The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.
» The drilling operation can also be accomplished on lathe, in
which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by
the chuck.
» The most common drill used is the twist drill.
Parts of Drilling Machine
VICE
Vice is a mechanical apparatus used to secure an object to allow work to be performed on it. Vises
have two parallel jaws, one fixed and the other movable, threaded in and out by a screw and lever.
SPINDLE
The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. Chuck is
provided to hold the drill of different sizes
SLEEVE
The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its
axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the
work: and when it’s moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied
to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction of an
mm per revolution.
COLUMN
The column is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the
sleeve or quill assembly.
Parts of Drilling Machine
HEAD
The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric motor and feed
mechanism. The head is bolted to the column. An electric motor supplies the required driving force to
pulley. Handle is provided to feed the drill into the work piece. A depth–stop mechanism is located on the
head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.
WORKTABLE
The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to
accommodate different heights of work or it can be swung completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to
90 degree in either direction, to allow long pieces to be end or angle drilled.
BASE
The base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for
vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the worktable and
may be equipped with T-slot for mounting work too larger for the table.
Working principal of drilling machine
The rotating edge of the drill exerts a
large force on the workpiece and the
hole is generated.
The removal of metal in a drilling
operation is by shearing and extrusion.
Nomenclature of Drill Tool
» A drill bit is a multi-point tool and typically has a pointed end.
» Flutes are incorporated to carry away the chips of metal and the outside
surface is relieved to produce a cutting edge along the leading side of each
flute.
Fit in chuck
Fit direct into spindle
Nomenclature of Drill Tool
Figure‑ Standard geometry of a twist drill
Parts of twisted drill
Twist drill has three principal parts
(i) Drill point or dead center
(ii) Body
(iii) Shank
•Drill axis is the longitudinal line .
•Drill point is the sharpened end of the drill body consisting of all that part
which is shaped to produce lips, faces and chisel edge.
•Lip or cutting edge is the edge formed by the intersection of the flank and
face
•Lip length is the minimum distance between the outer corner and the
chisel-edge corner of the lip.
Parts of twisted drill
Body is that portion of the drill which extends from the extreme cutting end to the
beginning of the shank.
Shank is that portion of the drill by which it is held and driven.
Flutes are the grooves in the body of the drill, which provide lips, allow the removal of
chips, and permit cutting fluid to reach the lips.
Flute length is the axial length from the extreme end of the point to the termination of the
flutes at the shank end of the body.
Heel is the edge formed by the intersection of the flute surface and the body clearance.
Body clearance is that portion of the body surface reduced in diameter to provide
diametric clearance
Margin
• Narrow, raised section on body of drill
Parts of twisted drill
• Chisel edge is the edge formed by the intersection of the flanks.
• Flank is that surface on a drill point which extends behind the lip to the
following flute.
• Core or web
• Thin partition in center of drill, extends full length of flutes
• Forms chisel edge at cutting end of drill
• Lands are the cylindrically ground surfaces on the leading edges of the drill
flutes
Lip Clearance
Lip Clearance is the relief ground on point of drill extending from cutting lips
back to the heel
Drill Materials
Manufactured from three main materials
• Carbon-steel drills
• Cutting edges wear down quickly
• High-speed steel drills
• Cutting edges withstand at more heat and wear
• Cemented-carbide drills
• Operated at high speeds, withstand at higher heat, and can drill hard materials
Types of drilling machine
Portable drilling machine
Bench drilling machine
Radial drilling machine
Pillar drilling machine
Gang drilling machine
Multiple drilling machine
Portable drilling machine
It is a small light weight, compact and self
contained unit that can drill holes upto 12.5 mm
diameter
The machine is driven by a small electric motor
operating at high speed
The machine is capable of drilling holes in the
workpiece in any position
Bench drilling machine
These are light duty machines used in small
workshops.
Also called Sensitive drilling machines because of its
accurate and well balanced spindle
Mounted on benches
used to drill hole range 1mm to 15mm diameter
The controls are light and delicate speeds from 800 to
900 rpm are typical range
Radial Drilling Machine
It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium
to large and heavy work pieces.
Holes up to 7.5 cm
It can be radially adjusted around the column in any
position over the work to get different size and shapes of
work.
The table is to be rotated through 360 deg.
Gang Drilling Machine
Consists of many independent columns, heads and spindles mounted
on a common base and using a single base table
Various number of spindles may be used
When drilling spindles are mounted on a single table, it is known as a
gang drill. (4 to 6 drills are mounted )
Each of these spindles can be independently set for different speed
and depth of cut.
Such machines are useful when number of holes of different sizes are
to be drilled on the same work piece.
Apart from drilling, a number of other machining operations like
reaming, counter boring, tapping etc. can also be performed on the
machine.
Multiple drilling machine
Used where a number of holes
are to be drilled in a part in mass
production
Such machines have multi
spindles drivers by a single head
and feed
Tool-Holding Devices
» Drill chucks
» Drill sleeves
» Drill sockets
Drill chuck
Most common devices used for holding straight-shank cutting tools
Most contain three jaws that move simultaneously when outer sleeve turned
Hold straight shank of cutting tool securely
Two common types
Key
Keyless
Drill Sleeves and Sockets
Drill Sleeves
Used to adapt cutting tool shank to machine
spindle if taper on tool is smaller than tapered hole
in spindle
Drill Socket
Used when hole in spindle of drill press too small
for taper shank of drill
Also used as extension sockets
Drilling machine operations
Reaming
Boring
Counter boring
Counter sinking
Spot facing
Tapping
Reaming
A reamer enters the workpiece axially and enlarges
an existing hole to the diameter of the tool.
A reamer is a multi-point tool that has many flutes,
which may be straight or in a helix.
Reaming removes a minimal amount of material
and is often performed after drilling to obtain both
a more accurate diameter and a smoother internal
finish.
Counter boring
A counterbore tool enlarges the top portion of an
existing hole to the diameter of the tool.
Counterboring is often performed after drilling to
provide space for the head of a fastener, such as a
bolt, to sit flush with the workpiece surface.
The counterboring tool has a pilot on the end to
guide it straight into the existing hole
Counter sinking
A countersink tool enlarges the top portion of an
existing hole to a cone-shaped opening.
Countersinking is performed after drilling to provide
space for the head of a fastener, such as a screw,
to sit with the workpiece surface.
Common included angles for a countersink include
60, 82, 90, 100, 118, and 120 degrees.
Tapping
Process of cutting internal threads with a
thread tool called as tap.
Performed by hand or under power with
tapping attachment
Done immediately after drilling operation
Cutting speed is very slow.
Spot facing
It is a finishing operation to produce flat
round surface usually around a drilled hole,
for proper seating of bolt head or nut.
It is done using a special spot facing tool.
Economical Drilling Speed Variables
• Type and hardness of material
• Diameter and material of drill Most important!
• Depth of hole
• Type and condition of drill press
• Efficiency of cutting fluid employed
• Accuracy and quality of hole required
Drilling parameters
Cutting Speed
Speed of twist drill referred to as cutting speed, surface speed or peripheral
speed
Two important factors
• Diameter and material of cutting tool
• Type of material being cut
Feed
Distance drill advances into work for each revolution
Three factors govern rate of feed
• Diameter of drill
• Material of work piece
• Condition of drilling machine
Hard steels or alloys are drilled with slower feed and softer metals with
faster feed
Drilling parameters
Cutting Speed (v)
It’s the peripheral speed of the drill
v = *D*N
Where D = diameter of the drill (m)
N = Speed of rotation (rpm)
Feed (f)
It’s the movement of drill along the axis (rpm)
Depth of Cut (d)
The distance from the machined surface to the drill axis
d=D/2
Material Removal Rate
It’s the volume of material removed by the drill per unit time
MRR = ( D2 / 4) * f * N (mm3 / min)
Machining Time (T)
It depends upon the length (l) of the hole to be drilled , to the Speed (N) and feed (f) of the drill
t = L / f N (min)
Cutting Fluids
» Provide both cooling and lubrication
» Properties of an effective liquid in dissipating heat
Able to absorb heat rapidly
Have good resistance to evaporation
Have high thermal conductivity
Oil: good lubricant, poor coolant
Water: best coolant, no lubricating value (promotes rust)
Drilling Facts and Problems
» Excessive speed
» Excessive clearance
» Excessive feed
» Insufficient clearance
» Cutting lips with unequal angles
» Cutting lips with unequal in length
Drilling Facts and Problems
Excessive speed will cause wear at outer corners of drill
Discoloration is warning sign of excess speed.
Drilling Facts and Problems
Excessive clearance results in lack of support behind cutting edge
with quick dulling and poor tool life.
Clearance angle behind cutting lip for general purposes is 8º to 12º
Drilling Facts and Problems
Insufficient clearance causes the drill to rub behind the cutting
edge.
It will make the drill work hard, generate heat, and increase end
thrust.
This results in poor holes and drill breakage.
Drilling Facts and Problems
Excessive feed sets up abnormal end thrust, which causes
breakdown of chisel point and cutting lips.
Drilling Facts and Problems
The web is the tapered central portion of the body that joins the lands.
Drilling Facts and Problems
Cutting lips with unequal angles will cause one cutting edge to work
harder than the other.
This causes torsion strain, bell mouth holes, rapid dulling, and poor
tool life.
Drilling Facts and Problems
Cutting lips unequal in length cause chisel point to be off center axis
and will drill holes oversize by approximately twice the amount of
eccentricity.
Drilling Facts and Problems
Loading and galling is caused by poor chip removal
with insufficient dissipation of heat so that material
anneals itself to the cutting edge and flute
This condition frequently results from using wrong
drills for the job or inadequate cutting fluid
application.
Factors Causing Premature Dulling of Drill
Drill speed may be too high for hardness of material being cut
Feed may be too heavy and overload cutting lips
Feed may be too light and cause lips to scrape rather than cut
May be hard spots or scale on work surface
Finish on lips may be poor
Characteristics of a Properly Ground
Drill
Length of both cutting lips equal
Angle of both cutting lips be the same
Lips should be free from wear
No sign of wear on margin
Note: Re-sharpen the drill if it does not meet all of these requirements.
Precautions for Drilling machine
Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.
Machines should be cleaned after use
Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting
Do not support the work piece by hand – use work holding device.
Use brush to clean the chips
No adjustments while the machine is operating
Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before starting the
operation.
Never place tools on the drilling table
Avoid loose clothing and protect the eyes.
Thank you!
