GREEK AND ROMAN

ARCHITECTURE

GROUP 1
Introduction – Greek
Columns
Parts of a column:

A.Pediment
B.Entablature
C.Column
D.Crepidoma
Crepidoma (d)

The crepidoma is the platform of, usually, three levels upon

which the superstructure of the building is erected.

The levels typically decrease in size incrementally, forming a

series of steps along all or some sides of the building.

The crepidoma rests on the euthynteria (r) (foundation)

Stylobate (p) to describe only the topmost step of the

temple's base.

Stereobate (q) is used to describe the remaining steps of the

platform beneath the stylobate and just above the leveling
course.

Introduction – Greek Columns

Columns (C)
The columns are divided into:
1. Base
2. Shaft
3. Capital
4. Abacus

Base (O)
Torus – Ring Shaped Moulding
Scotia - Concave molding located at the base Middle
Torus – Moulding Separating the Tori

Torus

Scotia

Middle Torus
Shaft (N)
Drum - Each of the sections that make up the shaft of the column
Flute - Vertical groove along the length of the column.
Fillet - Flat surface between the transverses.
Arris - Line of intersection between two flutes, forming a sharp
angle.

Drum
Flute
Arris
Capital (K)

Abacus - Slab covering the capital and

supporting the architrave.
Echinus - Convex molding supporting
the abacus.
Astragal – Molding that separates the Abacus
capital of the column from Echinus
the shaft.
Necking
Fillet - Flat surface
Entablature (B)

Architrave (J) – Lower section of the entablature, directly on top of

the capitals of the columns.
Fascia - In the Ionic and Doric styles, each of a number of
bands above the architrave.
Frieze (F) - Section of the entablature between the cornice and
the architrave. In the Ionic order, it is decorated
with scenes sculpted in relief.
Triglyph - Ornamental panel on the frieze that features two
flutes framed on each side by half flutes
Metope - Ornamental panel on the frieze; it is either smooth
or sculpted.
Guttea - Decorative motif located beneath the mutule.
Mutule - Flat ornament, often adorned with drops, attached
to the base of the cornice or the frieze
 Mutule
Guttae

Frieze (F)
Triglyph

Metope
Architrave
Pediment (A)

Sima (b) – Decorated molding on the face of the

pediment’s sloping cornice.

Acroterion (b) - Ornamental feature that rests on a base at the apex

and corners of the pediment.
Geison - Border of the pediment
Tympanum - Triangular surface between the cornice and the
pediment’s two sloping cornices
1. Entrablature
2. Column
3. Cornice
4. Frieze
5. Architrave or epistyle
6. Capital (composed of abacus and volutes)
7. Shaft
8. Base
9. Stylobate
10. Stereobate

Ionic Order
Ionic order

Column – Consists of Base (8), Shaft (7) and capital (6)

8.Base

The diameter of the base at the bottom was 1.375 times the diameter of the column.

Torus – Ring Shaped Moulding

Scotia - Concave molding located at the base
Middle Torus – Moulding Separating the Tori

Torus

Scotia

Middle Torus

Ionic Order
Ionic order

Column –
Base (8)
• The height, of the base, is to be one-third of the thickness of the column.
• It is to be divides into four parts, The upper torus is to be one-fourth.
• The remaining three-fourths are to be equally divided so that one is The lower torus and the
other the scotia with its fillets.

Ionic Order
Ionic Order
Ionic order

Column – Consists of Base (8), Shaft (7) and capital (6)

7. Shaft

• Height of the Ionic columns are 8 to 10 times the diameter

• Flute – There are 24 flutes
• Fillet - Flat surface between the transverses.

Ionic Order
Ionic order

Column – Consists of Base (8), Shaft (7) and capital (6)

6. Capital

Ionic Order
Ionic Order
Ionic Order
Entablature (5)
The entablature is .2 times the height of the column. It has three
parts:
• a plain architrave divided into two, or more generally three,
bands known as Fascia, with a crowning moulding.
• a frieze resting on it that may be richly sculptural
• a cornice
• Built up with dentils (like the closely-spaced ends of joists)
• Above that there is the Egg and Dart moulding.
• Capping the Egg and Dart moulding is the Corona.
• Cyma Reversa
• Cyma Recta

Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa

Ionic Order
Corinthian Order
Corinthian Order
Corinthian Order
• Pronaos: The entrance-hall (porch) to the temple
proper or cella.
• Naos (Cella in Roman ): usually the larger of the
interior rooms, housed the cult statue.
• Opisthodomos. Porch at the rear of the Naos,
sometimes also a back entrance.
• Adyton: Used as a treasury, a place limited to
priest or priestesses.
• Stereobate: The foundation of the temple,
• Stylobate: The the upper part of which as a
platform or foundation of the row of columns
• Anta (Antis): A pier produced by the thickening of
a wall at its termination, treated architecturally.

• When there are columns between two antae

(antis) then it is referred to as columns in Antis
• stereo (solid), bates (walker), stylos (column)

General Feature of a Greek Temple

Evolution of Greek Temple - Mycenaean
Greek Temples:
• Antis
• Anta
• Double Anta
• Prostyle
• Amphiprostyle
• Peristyle
• Peripteral
• Pseudo Peripteral
• Dipteral
• Pseudo dipteral
• Hexastyle
• Octastyle
• Tholos
It is essentially the megaron (the Mycenaean domestic structure
which became a temple) used as a temple.

Evolution of Greek Temple - Antis

There is a slight increase in size with the presence of Prostyle
Prostyle: Free standing columns located in front of the building

Evolution of Greek Temple – Prostyle

• The peristyle is complete.
• The temple has incorporated the monumentality of
the Egyptian temple while treating it in terms of
human proportions,
• It has become symmetric.
• It has permanent materials in all parts of the
structure.

Evolution of Greek Temple – Peristyle

Evolution of Greek Temple – Peristyle
Evolution of Greek Temple – Peristyle
Evolution of Greek Temple – Tholos
3 Greek Orders
Doric Order:
1. Introduction
2. Features
1. Stereobate
2. Stylobate
3. Column
4. Entablature
5. Pediment

3. Entasis
4. Intercolumniation
5. Doric order conflict

Doric Order
Doric Order:
1. Introduction
• Inspired from Egyptian Columns called proto-doric
• The oldest and heaviest of the three Greek Orders
• Doric column was simplest of them all. It combines solidity and strength
• Due to its thick column shaft and heavy entablature it has a more sturdy
apperance.

Doric Order
Doric Order
 Doric Order:
2. Features

• Stereobate: It comprises of 3 steps surrounding the entire building.

• Stylobate: The last step on which the columns stand.

Doric Order
Doric Order:
2. Features
• Columns
• The columns stand directly on the Stylobate without a base
• The earliest columns were slender in proportion but the later
ones were excessively thick.
• Height = 7 diameter (Hellenistic)
• Height = 5 ½ diameter to 5 ¾ (around 500 BC)
• Height = 4 diameter
• The column shaft has 20 flutes each separated by the sharp
arrises
• The columns in doric order do not have uniform
thickness. The column shaft diminishes to ¾ or 2/3 of the
diameter at base.

Doric Order
Doric Order:
2. Features
• Columns
• The column shaft terminates in a Hypotrachelion which is formed of
3 groves and in later periods it was reduced to a single grove.
• Immediately above this is the capital. In the capital the part showing
the continuation of the shaft is known as Trachelion or Necking
• The prominent part of the capital are the Echinus and the Abacus.
• Near the Base of the Echinus are present 5 horizontal groves which
serve to terminate the vertical flutes. These are known as Annulets.

Doric Order
Doric Order:
3. Entablature
• Has 3 main parts
• Architrave
• Frieze
• Cornice or Geison
• Architrave – is usually made up of 2or 3 slab in
depth
• Capping the architrave is a flat slab known
as Tenia
• Under this there are projecting strips or
blocks known as Regula.
• The Regula has conical or cylindrical
projections known as Guttae

Doric Order
Doric Order:
3. Entablature
Mutule
• Frieze – Is formed by Triglyphs and Metope Guttae

• Triglyphs - It is the vertical elements, Frieze (F)

made up of 2 flutes in the center and 2 Triglyph
half flutes in the end. In total 3 flutes, Metope
Hence the name Triglyphs (Tri-3, Glyphs-
Grooves
• Metopes are the square spaces formed
between the Triglyphs. The Metopes are
left plain or sometimes ornamented with
sculptures
• Mutule – It is a Projecting band in the
Soffit of the Cornice. This is placed
centrally above each Triglyph and Metope.
• The Mutule are filled with 3 rows of Guttae.

Doric Order
Doric Order:
4. Pediment

• Sima (b) – Decorated molding on the face of the pediment’s sloping cornice.
• Acroterion (b) - Ornamental feature that rests on a base at the apex and corners of the
pediment.
• Geison - Border of the pediment
• Tympanum - Triangular surface between the cornice and the pediment’s two sloping cornices

Sima
Acroterion
Sloping or Raking
Cornice

Geison or Cornice

Tympanum

Doric Order
Doric Order:
Entasis
Doric Order:
Intercolumniation
• Pycnostyle – 1.5 Diameter (Distance between 2 columns)
• Systyle – 2 Diameter (Distance between 2 columns)
• Eustyle – 2 ¼ Diameter (Distance between 2 columns)
• Diastyle -3 Diameter (Distance between 2 columns)
• Araestyle – 3 ½ Diameter (Distance between 2 columns)

Doric Order
Doric Order:
Corner Conflict

Doric Order
Doric Order
Doric Order
Greece

Parthenon
Parthenon
Greece

Parthenon
Parthenon
 Greece The Parthenon:
 Pronaos
 Naos
 Parthenon (treasury)
 Opisthodomos Pronaos

Opsithodomos

Parthenon
Parthenon
Greece

Parthenon
Parthenon
Greece

Parthenon
Parthenon
 Greece

Entablature

Parthenon
Parthenon
 AQUADUCTS
THE ROMANS CONSTRUCTED VARIOUS
AQUADUCTS INORDER TO BRING WATER
FROM DISTANT SOURCES INTO THE CITY
AND TOWNS SUPPLYING PUBLIC BATHS.
Greece

Parthenon
Parthenon
Greece

Parthenon
Parthenon
Greece

Parthenon
Parthenon
Colosseum
 Colosseum
The Colloseum or Flavian Amphitheatre was
begun by Vespasian, inaugurated by Titus in 80
A.D.
Built over a great artificial lake, which was a
part of Nero’s palace its practical and efficient
organization for producing spectacles and
controlling large crowds make it one of the
great architectural monuments achieved by the
ancient Romans .
The Flavian Amphitheatre was damaged
by fire and earthquake several times but was
continually restored until the end of the 5th
century
 Colosseum

•The elliptical building is immense,

measuring 188m by 156m and
reaching a height of more than 48
meter (159 ft).
•The Colosseum could
accommodate some 55,000
spectators who could enter the
building through no less than 80
entrances.
 Coloseum
It has an elliptical
(oval) plan with a
length of 189m (620
feet), height 48m
(158 feet) and width
156m (512 feet).
The central area of
the arena is 88m
(287 ft) long and
55m (180 ft) wide.
The wall
surrounding the
Arena and
protecting the
spectators was 5m
(15 ft) high.
The Arena of the Colosseum
 The arena floor was wooden and covered with sand. It was
entered from the basement of the Colosseum by stairways
completed during the era of the Emperor Domitian. This
basement area also housed the arenas service quarters where
scenery was stored and hoisted upwards for spectacles.
 The gladiators made their way to the basement via an
underground corridor situated to the east which connected
the two buildings.
 The arena measures 76 by 44 metres, it had a floor made with
wooden planks covered with yellow sand taken from the hill of
Monte Mario.  Over 100.000 cubic metres of travertine stone
(45.000 only for the external wall), quarried near Tibur (today
Tivoli), were used for the building
The exterior of the Roman Colosseum is made entirely of travertine,
stretching 527 m around and four stories high. The arches of the second and
third stories were originally filled with statues.
The ancient Roman Colosseum was designed (using the principle of the
Arch. There are 80 entrance arches that run along the perimeter of the
external and internal walls and many more also run to the center (like
spokes from a bicycle wheel) creating the internal corridors and tunnels that
run around the structure .
The interior is made of brick, tufa and marble; little of the marble
survives today. The central area, the arena, was covered with a great wooden
floor and canvas to make it waterproof. Over this was a layer of sand to
absorb blood - in fact "arena" derives from the Latin word for sand. The
floor is now exposed down to its underground passages, where beasts and
gladiators awaited their fate, and crossed by a modern walkway.
The arena was surrounded by a 5m-high wall to protect spectators from
attacks by wild beasts. At the top of the wall was the podium, on which the
imperial party and other VIPs had their seats.
Seating was strictly
according to social
class, the closer to the
central arena, the
higher your rank in
society. The emperor
and Vestal Virgins
occupied boxes at the
central narrowest
points of the stadium,
while the senators
would sit at the same
level at the ends of the
stadium. Next up were
the nobel men and
knights, then the
wealthy citizens and
then the poorer
plebeians (citizens).
 Colosseum

 The structure of the Colosseum

consisted of 4 levels. The first three
levels consisted of 80 arcades with
frames of various column types.
 The arcades at grounds level
consisted of half Doric columns,
with Ionic columns on the next level
and Corinthian on the level after
that. The fourth level consisted of
rectangular columns known as
Corinthian piliasters
 ROMAN BATHS

The Roman Baths complex is site of historical interest

in the English city of Bath. The house is a well-
preserved roman site for public bathing. The modern
baths themselves are below the modern street level.
There are four main features: the sacred spring, the
roman temple, the roman bath House and the
Museum holding finds from Roman Bath. The
buildings above street level date from the 19th century.
 
• The water which bubbles up from the ground at
Bath falls as rain on the nearby Mendip Hills. It
percolates down through limestone aquifers to a
depth of between 2,700 and 4,300 metres (8,900
and 14,100 ft) where geothermal energy raises
the water temperature to between 64 and 96 °C
(147.2 and 204.8 °F).
• Roman Baths, as without any new architectural
elements
• Under pressure, the heated water rises to the
surface along fissures and faults in the
limestone. This process is similar to an artificial
one known as Enhanced Geothermal System
which also makes use of the high pressures and
temperatures below the Earth's crust. Hot water
at a temperature of 46 °C (114.8 °F) rises here at
the rate of 1,170,000 litres (257,364 imp gal)
every day,[3] from a geological fault (the
Pennyquick fault).
• In 1983 a new spa water bore-hole was sunk,
providing a clean and safe supply of spa water
for drinking in the Pump Room.
• The statue of King Bladud overlooking the King's
Bath carries the date of 1699, but its inclusion in
earlier pictures shows that it is much older than
this.The first shrine at the site of the hot springs
was built by Celts,[6] and was dedicated to the
goddess Sulis, whom the Romans identified with
Minerva. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his largely
fictional Historia Regum Britanniae describes
how in 836 BC the spring was discovered by the
British king Bladud who built the first badly in
the 18th century Geoffrey's obscure legend was
given great prominence as a royal endorsement
of the waters' qualities.
 ROMAN USE OF BUILDING
• The name Sulis continued to be used after the
Roman invasion, leading to the town's Roman
name of Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis"). The
temple was constructed in 60-70 AD and the
bathing complex was gradually built up over the
next 300 years.During the Roman occupation of
Britain, and possibly on the instructions of
Emperor Claudius, engineers drove oak piles to
provide a stable foundation into the mud and
surrounded the spring with an irregular stone
chamber lined with lead.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle suggests the original
Roman baths were destroyed in the 6th century.
About 130 curse tablets have been found. Many
of the curses related to thefts of clothes whilst
the victim was bathing.
THANK YOU