Cone

The surface generated by a moving straight line (generator) which always passes
through a fixed point (vertex) and always intersects a fixed plane curve (directrix) is
called conical surface. Cone is a solid bounded by a conical surface whose directrix is a
closed curve, and a plane which cuts all the elements. The conical surface is the lateral
area of the cone and the plane which cuts all the elements is the base of the cone.

Volume of a Cone

1
𝑉= 𝐴 ℎ
3

Properties of a Cone
 An element of a cone is the generator in any particular position.
 The altitude of the cone is the perpendicular drop from vertex to the plane of the
base. It is denoted as h.
 Every section of a cone made by a plane passing through its vertex and
containing two points of the base is a triangle. See section PQV, where V is the
vertex and P and Q are two points on the base.
 The axis of the cone is the straight line joining the vertex with the centroid of the
base. For right cone, altitude and axis are equal in length.
 The right section of a cone is a section perpendicular to its axis and cutting all the
elements. For right cone, the right section is parallel and similar to the base.
Right section is denoted by AR.
 A circular cone is cone whose right section is a circle.
Any cone with circular right section is a circular cone. Right circular cone is a circular
cone whose axis is perpendicular to its base.

Properties of Right Circular Cone

 The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of an element. Both the slant
height and the element are denoted by L.
 The altitude of a right circular is the perpendicular drop from vertex to the center
of the base. It coincides with the axis of the right circular cone and it is denoted
by h.
 If a right triangle is being revolved about one of its legs (taking one leg as the
axis of revolution), the solid thus formed is a right circular cone. The surface
generated by the hypotenuse of the triangle is the lateral area of the right circular
cone and the area of the base of the cone is the surface generated by the leg
which is not the axis of rotation.
 All elements of a right circular cone are equal.
 Any section parallel to the base is a circle whose center is on the axis of the
cone.
 A section of a right circular cone which contains the vertex and two points of the
base is an isosceles triangle.

Formulas for Right Circular Cone

Area of the Base, AB
The bases of a right circular cone are obviously circles
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟
 Lateral Area, AL
The lateral area of a right circular cone is equal to one-half the product of the
circumference of the base c and the slant height L.
1
𝐴 = 𝑐𝐿
2
Taking c = 2πr, the formula for lateral area of right circular cone will be more
convenient in the form
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿
The relationship between base radius r, altitude h, and slant height L is given by
𝑟 +ℎ =𝐿
Volume
The volume of the right circular cone is equal to one-third the product of the base
area and the altitude.
1
𝑉= 𝐴 ℎ
3
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
Sample Problems:

1. A conical tank has a top radius of 3 m and an altitude of 5m. Find the ff:
a. Volume
1
𝑉 = 𝑏ℎ
3
1
𝑉 = (𝜋𝑟 ℎ)
3
1
𝑉 = [𝜋(3) (5)] = 𝟏𝟓𝝅 𝒎𝟑
3
b. Lateral Surface Area
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿
𝐿= 3 + 5 = 5.83
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋(3)(5.83)
 𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝟐
c. Total Surface area (closed)
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐿𝑆𝐴 + 𝐴
= 54.96 + 𝜋(3)
= 𝟖𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝒎𝟐
d. Total Surface area (open)
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐿𝑆𝐴
∴ 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝟐

2. A cone has a circular base of radius 10 cm and a slant height of 30 cm.

Calculate the total surface area.

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿 + 𝜋𝑟

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋(10)[ 30 + 10]

𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑

3. A cone-shaped roof has a diameter of 12ft and a height of 8 feet. If roofing

material comes in 120 ft2 per rolls, how many rolls will be needed to cover this
roof?

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿

𝐿= 𝑟 + ℎ

𝐿= 6 + 8 = 10𝑓𝑡

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋(6)(10)

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 188.4956 𝑓𝑡

𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑠 = 188.4956 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 = 1.5708 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑠
120 𝑓𝑡

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒔 = 𝟐 𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒔

4. A composite solid body comprises of the cone and the cylinder that have the
same base radius. The cone and the cylinder are joined base to base in a way that
the centers of their bases coincide. Find the volume of the given body if the
common base radius is of 4 cm and the height of the cone and cylinder is of 3 cm
each. Determine also the total lateral and surface area.

𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉

1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
1
= 𝜋(4 )(3)
3
𝑉 = 50.2655 𝑐𝑚

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ

= 𝜋(4) (3)

𝑉 = 150.7964𝑐𝑚

𝑉 = 50.2655 + 150.7964

𝑽𝑻 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝒄𝒎𝟑

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝐿𝑆𝐴 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴

𝐿= 4 + 3 = 5𝑐𝑚 (𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

= 𝜋(4)(5) + 2𝜋(4)(3)

𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟏𝒄𝒎𝟐

 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐿𝑆𝐴 + 𝐴

= 138.2301 + 𝜋 (4)

𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟐

Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

Frustum of a right circular cone is that portion of right circular cone included
between the base and a section parallel to the base not passing through the
vertex.

Properties of Frustum of Right Circular Cone

 The altitude of a frustum of a right circular cone is the perpendicular
distance between the two bases. It is denoted by h.
 All elements of a frustum of a right circular cone are equal. It is denoted by
L.
Formulas for Frustum of Right Circular Cone

Area of lower base, A1

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑅
Area of upper base, A2
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟
Lateral Area, AL
The lateral area of the frustum of a right circular cone is equal to one-half the
sum of the circumference of the bases multiplied by slant height.

Let C and c, the circumference of lower and upper bases, respectively.

1
𝐴 = (𝐶 + 𝑐)𝐿
2
A more convenient formula is when we substitute C = 2πR and c = 2πr, giving us
𝐴 = 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝐿
Volume, V
The volume of a frustum of any cone is equal to one-third of the product of the
altitude and the sum of the upper base, the lower base, and the mean
proportional between the two bases.
ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟 + 𝑅𝑟)
3
Relationship between L, R, h, and r
The relationship between the lower base radius R, upper base radius r, altitude
h, and element L is given by
(𝑅 − 𝑟) + ℎ = 𝐿

Sample Problems:

1. Find the lateral and total surface area and volume of the frustum of a cone
whose top and bottom diameters are 6m and 10m and the height is 12m.

ℎ
𝑉= 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟 + 𝑅𝑟)
3

12
𝑉= 𝜋((5) + (3) + (5)(3))
3

𝑽 = 𝟔𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟑

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝐿(𝑅 + 𝑟)

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝐿(𝑅 + 𝑟)

𝐿= (𝑅 − 𝑟) + ℎ

= (5 − 3) + 12

𝐿 = 12.1655 𝑐𝑚
 𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋(12.1655)(5 + 3)

𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟐

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐿𝑆𝐴 + 𝐴 + 𝐴

= 305.7525 + 𝜋(5) + 𝜋(3)

𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟒𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐

2. A material handling bucket is in the shape of the frustum of a right circular

cone as shown in Fig. Find the volume and total surface area of the bucket.
(units in cm)

𝐿= 17 + 2.5

𝐿 = 17.1828 𝑐𝑚

ℎ
𝑉= 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟 + 𝑅𝑟)
3

17
𝑉= 𝜋((7.5) + (5) + (7.5)(5))
3

𝑽 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐿𝑆𝐴 + 𝐴 + 𝐴

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝐿(𝑅 + 𝑟)

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋(17.1828)((7.5) + 5)

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 674.767 𝑐𝑚
 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 674.767 + 𝜋(7.5) + 𝜋(5)

𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟗𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟐

3. A cone 12cm high is cut 8cm from the vertex to form a frustum with a volume
of 190 cu. cm. Find the radius of the base of cone.

∆𝐴𝐹𝐶 ~ ∆𝐴𝐺𝐸

𝐴𝐹 𝑟 8 𝑟
= → =
𝐴𝐺 𝑟 12 𝑟

2
𝑟 = 𝑟
3
ℎ
𝑉= 𝜋(𝑟 +𝑟 +𝑟 𝑟 )
3

4 2 2
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑟 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 ( 𝑟 ))
3 3 3

4 2 2
190 = 𝜋(𝑟 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 ( 𝑟 ))
3 3 3

𝒓𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝒄𝒎