INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL

TECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KARL BARRERA PADIERA, RMT, MSMT

 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (REPUBLIC ACT 5527/MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969)

• AN AUXILLARY BRANCH OF LABORATORY MEDICINE WHICH

DEALS WITH THE
• EXAMINATION OT TISSUES, SECRETIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
AND BODY FLUIDS BY VARIOUS
• ELECTRONIC, CHEMICAL, MICROSCOPIC AND OTHER MEDICAL
LABORATORY PROCEDURES OR TECHNIQUES EITHER
• MANUAL OR AUTOMATED WHICH WILL
• AID THE PHYSICIAN IN THE DIAGNOSIS, STUDY AND
TREATMENT OF DISEASE AND IN THE
• PROMOTION OF HEALTH IN GENERAL
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (HEINEMANN)

• THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL

AND BIOLOGIC SCIENCES TO THE PERFORMANCE OF
• LABORATORY PROCEDURES WHICH
• AID IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (FAGELSON)

• THE BRANCH OF MEDICINE CONCERNED WITH THE

• PERFORMANCE OF LABORATORY DETERMINATIONS
AND ANALYSES USED IN
• THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE AND
THE
• MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (WALTERS)

• HEALTH PROFESSION CONCERNED WITH

• PERFORMING LABORATORY ANALYSES IN VIEW OF
OBTAINING
• INFORMATIONS NECESSARY IN THE
• DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE AS
• WELL AS IN THE
• MAINTENANCE OF GOOD HEALTH
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (SUBA AND FLORIDA)

• A WIDE RANGE OF HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS THAT

ARE USED TO
• DIAGNOSE, MONITOR OR TREAT DISEASES OR
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING
• HUMANS
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (SUBA AND
FLORIDA)

• A HEALTHCARE PROFESSION THAT PROVIDES

• LABORATORY INFORMATION AND SERVICES NEEDED
FOR THE
• DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST (SUBA AND FLORIDA)
• ALSO KNOWN AS A CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENTIST
• AN ALLIED HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL WHO
EXERCISES
• TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC FUNCTIONS IN
• MEDICAL LABORATORIES
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION (CHED) REQUIREMENTS FOR
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS

•1. BACCALAUREATE DEGREE PROGRAM

•BACHELOR SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY/BSMT
•BACHELOR OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE/BCLS
•BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE/BMLS

•2. HAS COMPLETED A CLINICAL INTERNSHIP IN A TRAINING ACCREDITED

BY FACILITIES AND SERVICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (DOH)

•3. HAS PASSED THE LICENSURE EXAMINATION ADMINISTERED BY THE

BOARD OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY OF THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATION
COMMISSION (PRC)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• SCOPE OF EXAMINATION

• CLINICAL CHEMISTRY = 20%

• MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY = 20%
• HEMATOLOGY = 20%
• BLOOD BANKING/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY = 20%
• CLINICAL MICROSCOPY/URINALYSIS OF URINE AND BODY
FLUIDS = 10%
• HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNNIQUES, CYTOTECHNOLOGY,
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY LAWS, RELATED LAWS AND ITS
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND CODE OF ETHICS = 10%
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• AN APPLIED SCIENCE (MEDICINE AND TECHNOLOGY)

• A SERIES OF STEPWISE SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES

• EMPLOYS TECHNOLOGIES THAT PROVIDE MEANINGFUL

DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS

• FOCUSES ON SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY (INVESTIGATIVE SOLICITATION

OF RELEVANT INFORMATION THAT MAY ESTABLISH CAUSE AND
EFFECTS OF HEALTH CONCERNS AND ISSUES)

• EG. SMOKING AND DIABETES, WEATHER AND DENGUE FEVER,

RELIGION AND HYPERTENSION
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• COMPARISON BETWEEN A NATURAL SCIENCE
AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (APPLIED
SCIENCE) BY SUBA AND FLORIDA

• CRITERION NATURAL MEDICAL

• SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
• SCOPE GENERAL HUMANS
• IMPACT OF RESEARCH DIAGNOSIS OF
• LABORATORY HUMAN DISEASES
• DIAGNOSIS
• AREA OF STUDY LIVING THINGS HUMAN DISEASES
• APPLICATION RESEARCH RESEARCH AND
• CLINICAL LABORATORY
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION/CHED

MEMORANDUM ORDER 13 SERIES OF 2017 (BSMT
QUALIFICATION)
TO DEVELOP FOUNDATION OF BSMT EDUCATION WHICH:
CONSISTS OF CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTING IMPORTANT FOR
DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, TREATMENT, PREVENTION OF DISEASES
REQUIRES BSMT STUDENTS TO HAVE ACADEMICS, INTENRSHIP
AND SPECIALIZED TRAINING
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES

• BOARD OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

ADMINISTERS BOARD EXAMINATION IN MANILA, CEBU AND

DAVAO: AUGUST OR SEPTEMBER, FEBRUARY OR
MARCH

• PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION/PRC

IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATORY

POLICIES OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONS WITH EXCEPTIONS
(EG. BACHELOR OF LAW)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH, INCORPORATED
(PASMETH)
118 RECOGNIZED SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:
STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS OF MED. TECH.
AND PUBLIC HEALTH
EDUCATION
ENHANCEMENT AND CONTINUOUS
DEVELOPMENT OF
MED. TECH. AND PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION
TAKE UNITED STAND IN MATTERS THAT
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH, INCORPORATED
(PASMETH)

• ACCOMPLISHMENTS
CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT/CPD
(WRITESHOPS, SEMINARS, CONVENTIONS)
PREPARATION OF A STANDARD CURRICULUM
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SYLLABI
SCHOLARSHIP GRANTS FOR STUDENTS (SAFEGUARD)
COMMUNITY OUTREACH PROJECTS
RECOGNITION OF GRADUATES (GOLD MEDAL FOR
EXCELLENCE AWARD)
ACCREDITATATION AS CPD PROVIDER FOR MED. TECH.
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH, INCORPORATED
(PASMETH)

• JUNE 22, 1970: 1ST ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING OF

PASMETH AND ELECTION OF
OFFICERS (UST)
• PRESIDENT: DR. GUSTAVO REYES (UST)

• VICE PRESIDENT: DR. SERAFIN JULIANO(FEU)

• SECRETARY/TREASURER: DR. VELIA TRINIDAD

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH, INCORPORATED
(PASMETH)

• MAY 7, 1971: 1ST ANNUAL MEETING AT UST AND 2ND

ELECTION OF OFFICERS (RE-ELECTED) 3RD
ELECTION (1972)
• PRESIDENT: DR. GUSTAVO REYES (UST)

• VICE PRESIDENT: DR. CLARO CABRERA

• SECRETARY/TREASURER: DR. ELVIRA SILVA

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH, INCORPORATED
(PASMETH)

• OTHERS WHO SERVED AS PASMETH PRESIDENTS

• DR. IBARRA PANOPIO (VELEZ COLLEGE, 1973-74)

• DR. ANGELITA ADEVA (UST, 1974-75)
• DR. ELIZABETH DEL RIO (MARTINEZ MEMORIAL COLLEGES,
1977-79)
• DR. GUSTAVO REYES (UST, 1980-81)
• DR. CLARO CABRERA (1981-82)
• DR. ELIZABETH DEL RIO (MARTINEZ MEMORIAL COLLEGES,
1982-83)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH, INCORPORATED
(PASMETH)

• OTHERS WHO SERVED AS PASMETH PRESIDENTS

• DR. NORMA LERMA (UST, 1983-84)

• DR. VIVENCIO TORRES (UNIVERSITY OF LUZON, 1984-
85)
• PROF. NARDITO MORALETA (FEU, 1985-88)
• DEAN NORMA CHANG (SAN JUAN DE DIOS
EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 1988-
96)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH, INCORPORATED
(PASMETH)

• DR. ZENAIDA CAJUCOM (WORLD CITI COLLEGES,

2002-2010)
• DEAN MAGDALENA NATIVIDAD (FEU,-NRMF, QC
2010-2012)
• DEAN BERNARD EBUEN (ARELLANO UNIVERSITY,
2012-PRESENT)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS (PAMET)

• THE ONLY ACCREDITED PROFESSION AL ORGANIZATION OF ALL

REGISTERED

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

• ORGANIZED BY CRISANTO ALMARIO (FATHER OF PAMET)

• SEPTEMBER 15, 1963:PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY, SANTA CRUZ,

MANILA

• SEPTEMBER 20, 1964: 1ST NATIONAL CONVENTION OF PAMET, FEU-

MANILA
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES

• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL

TECHNOLOGISTS (PAMET)

• PAMET PRESIDENTS:

• CHARLEMAGNE TAMONDONG, 1963-67, EMERGENCE

OF THE PROFESSION
• NARDITO MORALETA, 1967-70, PROFESSIONAL
RECOGNITION
• FELIX ASPRER, 1970-71, 1970-71, LEGISLATIVE
AGENDA
• BERNARDO TABAOSARES, 1971-73, CELEBRATION OF
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• GOVERNING BODIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS

(PAMET)

• MARILYN ATIENZA, 1992-1996, PROACTIVISM

• DEAN NORMA CHANG, 1997-2000, INTERNATIONAL
LEADERSHIP
• AGNES MEDENILLA, 2000-2002, 2005=2006 ORGANIZATIONAL
DYNAMISM
• SHIRLEY CRUZADA, 2003-2004, INTERDISCIPLINARY
NETWORKING
• DR. LEILA FLORENTO, 2007-2013, GLOBAL
PERSPECTIVES:BEYOND EXPECTATIONS
• ROMEO J. IGNACIO, 2013- 2015: SOAR HIGH THROUGH
VOICE
RONALDO PUNO, 2015 – PRESENT EMPOWERMENT
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• 460 BC: HIPPOCRATES: FOUNDER OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE

WHOEVER WISHES TO INVESTIGATE MEDICINE PROPERLY

SHOULD PROCEED THUS:

CONSIDER THE EFFECTS OF EACH SEASON OF THE YEAR

QUALITIES OF WATER
MODE OF LIVING OF THE INHABITANTS
AMOUNT OF FOOD AND DRINKS
EXERCISE AND LABOR
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• 1550 BC: VIVIAN HERRICK
• INTESTINAL PARASITES (EBERS PAPYRUS)
• ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
• TAENIA SPP.
• HOOKWORM

• 1550 BC: ANENZOA

• SCABIES IS CAUSED BY A PARASITE
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• 1098-1498: INDIANS
• DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
• THE BEGINNING OF URINALYSIS
• ANTS IN URINE
• TASTING OF SWEET URINE
• AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PROFESSION OF
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (WILLAMS, RUTH)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• 14TH CENTURY
• ANNA FAGELSON
• LABORATORY ACQUIRED INFECTION CAUSED THE DEATH
OF ALEXANDER GILLANI, A LABORATORY WORKER

• 17TH CENTURY
• ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
• OLDEST MICROSCOPE (BACTERIA &
• RED BLOOD CELLS)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• 18TH CENTURY

• MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS FROM NORTH AFRICA AND

SOUTHERN EUROPE
• CLASSICAL MEDICAL EDUCATION
• PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL THEORY
• 4 BASIC HUMORS OF THE HUMAN BODY (BALANCE)
• BLOOD
• PHLEGM
• BLACK BILE
• YELLOW BILE
• HUMORS ARE INFLUENCED BY: HOT, COLD, DRY, WET
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• 1821-1902
• VIRCHOW, RUDOLF: FATHER OF PATHOLOGY
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• 1821-1902

• VIRCHOW, RUDOLF: FATHER OF PATHOLOGY

• MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE

• CELL BIOLOGY: CELL THEORY, LEUKEMIA, THEORY OF

BIOGENESIS
• ANATOMY: CELLS OF THE BONE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES,
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, DESCRIBE MYELIN
• PATHOLOGY: MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY,
SYSTEMATIC CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS, ANIMAL
EXPERIMENTATIONS, ZOONOSIS (ANIMALS TO HUMANS, EG.
TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• 1821-1902

• DR. CALVIN ELLIS: 1ST TO UTILIZE MICROSCOPE

• IN EXAMINING SPECIMENS

• MASSACHUSETS GENERAL HOSPITAL

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• 1821-1902

• DR. WILLIAM OCCAM: USED LABORATORY FINDINGS AS

PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION
OF A PATIENT’S DISEASE
• BARON KARL VON HUMBELDT
• APOTHECARIES ACT 1815
• LAB FINDINGS IN THE
TREATMENT OF DISEASES
•
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• 1821-1902

• APOTHECARIES ACT 1815 (ENGLAND AND WALES)

• SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES

• COMPULSORY APPRENTICESHIP OF GENERAL PRACTITIONERS

• REGULATION OF MEDICAL PROFESSION OF THE UNITED
KINGDOM
• ANATOMY
• BOTANY
• CHEMISTRY
• PHYSICS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

•HARVARD UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
LEARNING BY DOING (1871)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

MICHELL PRUDDEN
• CLINICAL PATHOLOGY TO MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS (1870)
• ESTABLISHED A CLINICAL LABORATORY AT BELLEVUE
HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE (1870)
• 1ST LABORATORY COURSE IN PATHOLOGY(1878)
• 1ST PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY AT JOHNS HOPKINS
UNIVERSITY (1885)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• CLINICAL PROFESSOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF

PENNSYLVANIA (1880)
MICROSCOPE AND BLOOD COUNTER
DR. DOUGLAS: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : BEST EQUIPPED
LABORATORY FOR MEDICINE
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

•DR. GEORGE DOCK, DR. OSLER AND DR. DOUGLAS BUILT A LABORATORY AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF PHILADELPHIA (1887)
•URINALYSIS AND BLOOD EXAMINATION OF PATIENTS
•EXAMINATION OF VOMITUS, EXUDATES AND OTHER FLUIDS
•DR.DOUGLAS: FIRST TO GIVE LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• FIRST CLINICAL LABORATORY (DR. WILLIAM OSLER,1896)

• WILLIAM PEPPER LABORATORY AT UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVNIA (1896)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• A MANUAL FOR CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL

DIAGNOSIS BYLABORATORY METHODS BY JAMES TODD (1908)
• INSURANCE ACT APPROVED LABORATORY SCIENCE: DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS (1911)
• STATE LEGISLATURE OF PENNSYLVANIA ENACTED A LAW
REQUIRING HOSPITALS TO HAVE COMPLETE LABORATORY
FACILITIES (1915)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• DENVER SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL PATHOLOGISTS (1921)

• COURSES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR CLINICAL AND
LABORATORY TECHNICIANS: UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
(1922-1923)
• AMERICAN BOARD OF PATHOLOGY (1936)
• 2-YEAR CURRICULUM FOR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY :1 YEAR
ACTUAL TRAINING(1940)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• WORLD WAR II: 1936-1945

• INVASION OF PEARL HARBOR AND THE PHIL. BY JAPAN: 1941
• US BASES IN LEYTE, 1944
• INVASION OF THE PHIL . BY THE USA, 1945
• END OF WORLD WAR II
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• 1ST CLINICAL LABORATORY, QUIRICADA STREET, SANTACRUZ,

MANILA: MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY (26TH
MEDICAL LABORATORY OF THE 6TH US ARMY)

• 1945
• ONE-YEAR TRAINING OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES
(LABORATORY TECHNICIANS)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• 1945
• US ARMY LEFT THE PHIL.
• CLINICAL LABORATORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
(STOPPED OPERATION)
• DR. PIO DE RODA (BACTERIOLOGIST) AND DR. MARIANO
ICASIANO (1ST CITY HEALTH OFFICER OF MANILA), DR.
PRUDENCIO SANTA ANA RE-ESTABLISHED THE LABORATORY
(1945)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• DR. SANTA ANA: PREPARED A SYLLABUS FOR THE TRAINING

OF MEDICAL TECHNICIANS (1954)
• DR. TIRSO BRIONES CONDUCTED A 6-MONTH TRAINING
COURSE WITH CERTIFICATION (1954)
• 1ST 4-YEAR BS MED. TECH. COURSE OFFERED AT PHILIPPINE
UNION COLLEGE/PUC, BAESA, CALOOCAN CITY (NOW
ADVENTIST UNVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES/AUP, SILANG,
CAVITE
• 1956

• MANILA SANITARIUM AND HOSPITAL

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• DR. WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK,PUC: FOUNDER OF MEDICAL

TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
• ASSISTED BY MRS. ANTOINETTE MCKELVEY

• 1ST GRADUATE OF BSMT (1956)

• OB-GYNECOLOGIST OF OMEGA LAB, VITO CRUZ, MANILA
• GRADUTED AT FEU-MANILA (MEDICINE)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• DR. WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK ASSISTED BY MRS. ANTOINETTE

MCKELVEY ESTABLISHED THE 1ST COMPLETE LABORATORY IN
MICROBIOLOGY, PARASITOLOGY, HISTOPATHOLOGY AT THE
MANILA SANITARIUM HOSPITAL AND PUC
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• 2ND 4-YEAR BS MED. TECH. COURSE OFFERED AT THE

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS/UST, 1957
• DR. GUSTAVO REYES AND DR. ANTONIO GABRIEL

• BUREAU OF EDUCATION APPROVED: 1 ST 3 YEARS

(ACADEMIC COURSE) 4TH YEAR (INTERNSHIP), 1960-61

• 3RD 4-YEAR BS MED. TECH. COURSE OFFERED AT THE FAR

EASTERN UNIVERSITY-MLA/FEU-MAL, 1961
• DR. HORACIO ILAGAN (TECHNICAL DIRECTOR), DR.
SERAFIN JULIANO, DR. LAURO PANGANIBAN, DR. JESUS
NOLASCO (DEAN, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• MSMT
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

• QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIQUID COMPONENT BLOOD AND

OTHER BODY FLUIDS (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/CSF, SYNOVIAL
FLUID, PERICARDIAL FLUID, PERITONIAL FLUID, URINE,
GASTRIC JUICE, ETC.)

• SERUM (LIQUID PORTION OF CLOTTED BLOOD), PLASMA

(LIQUID PORTION OF UNCLOTTED BLOOD)
• FLUIDS ARE COLLECTED USING SYRINGE OR EVACUATED TUBE
SYSTEM/ETS, NASOGASTRIC TUBES (GASTRIC JUICE)

• MANUAL OR AUTOMATED METHOD OF DETERMINATION

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

• DETECTION CHRONIC OR LIFESTYLE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES

LIKE:
• DIABETES MELLITUS:INSULIN DEFICIENCY/RESISTANCE
(GLUCOSE)
• CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (ATHEROSCLEROSIS)
• EG. HEART ATTACK (TROPONIN)
• MONITORING:
• LIPID PROFILE:
• ( TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, TRIGLYCERIDE, HIGH DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN/HDL, LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN/LDL, VERY
LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN/VLDL)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

• DETECTION CHRONIC OR LIFESTYLE-ASSOCIATED

DISEASES LIKE:

• HEPATIC DISEASES; EG. HEPATITIS, HEPATIC

CIRRHOSIS
• SYNTHESIZED IN THE LIVER:
• ALANINE AMINO TRANSFERASE/ALT,
• ASPARTATATE AMINO TRANSFERASE/AST,
• ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE/ALP
• ALBUMIN AND GLOBULIN
• METABOLIZED IN THE LIVER : BILIRUBIN
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• DETECTION OF CHRONIC OR LIFESTYLE-
ASSOCIATED DISEASES LIKE:
• RENAL DISEASES
• CREATININE,
• BLOOD UREA NITROGEN/BUN

• GASTRO-INTESTINAL DISEASES
• EG. GASTRITIS, ULCER, GASTRIC CANCER,
(GASTRIC JUICE ANALYSIS, GASTRIN)
• PULMONARY DISEASES (SPUTUM MICROSCOPY,
SPUTUM CULTURE)
• EG. TB, LUNG CANCER, PNEUMONIA, COPD
• DISEASES OF THE JOINTS
• ARTHRITIS (INFLAMMATION)
• GOUT (DEPOSITION OF URIC ACID)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
DISEASES WITH POSSIBLE GENETIC LINKAGE

• HORMONAL DISEASES
• THYROXINE FOR GOITER
• (SIMPLE, GRAVES’ DISEASE
• CORTISOL FOR CUSHING’S DISEASE

• ESTROGEN FOR FEMINIZATION

• TESTOSTERONE FOR TURNER’S SYNDROME, STEIN-LEVENTHAL

SYNDROME/POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

• GROWTH HORMONE FOR GIGANTISM, DWARFISM AN

ACROMEGALY AND SIMMOND’S DISEASE
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
DISEASES WITH POSSIBLE GENETIC LINKAGE (HISTOPATHOLOGY AND
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY)

• CANCER: BIOPSY OF THE ORGAN FOR DETECTION OF CANCER CELLS THRU

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION BY THE:
• PATHOLOGIST AND CYTOTECHNOLOGIST (GOLD STANDARD)

• TUMOR MARKER DETECTION IN THE BLOOD (MED. TECH.) NON-SPECIFIC

TESTS (FOR MONITORING ONLY)

• COLON: CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN/CEA

• BREAST CANCER: CA-15-3
• OVARIAN CANCER: CA-125
• PANCREATIC CANCER: CA-19-9
• PROSTATE CANCER: PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN/PSA
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• HEMATOLOGY

• MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE SOLID COMPONENTS OF

BLOOD
• RED BLOOD CELLS = ERYTHROCYTES
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS = LEUKOCYTES
• PLATELETS = THROMBOCYTES

• DETERMINATION OF HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL (RESPIRATORY

PIGMENT OF THE ERYTHROCYTE) AND HEMATOCRIT (RED
CELL VOLUME)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• HEMATOLOGY

• DETECTION OF DISEASES OF THE BLOOD:

• ANEMIAS
• LOW OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY CAUSED BY:
• LOW HEMOGLOBIN, HEMATOCRIT OR
ERYTHROCYTE COUNT DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF:
• IRON, FOLATE, VITAMINE B12 AND OTHER CAUSES

• LEUKEMIAS
• EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION OF MATURE OR
IMMATURE WHITE BLOOD CELLS CAUSED BY:
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• CLINICAL MICROSCOPY

• STUDY OF THE:
• PHYSICAL (PH, TURBIDITY/TRANSPARANCY),
• CHEMICAL (PROTEIN, GLUCOSE, OTHERS)
• MICROSCOPIC (BACTERIA, RBC’ s, WBC’s, CRYSTALS,
OTHERS)
• CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS
EXCEPT BLOOD

• DETECTION OF DISEASES OF THE:

• KIDNEYS, LIVER, PANCREAS, OTHERS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• MICROBIOLOGY

• ISOLATION, CULTIVATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND

IDENTIFICATION
• OF BACTERIA, FUNGI, VIRUSES AND OTHER
MICROORGANISMS
• FROM HUMAN SAMPLES LIKE:
• BLOOD
• URINE
• SPUTUM
• STOOL
• OTHER BODY FLUIDS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• MICROBIOLOGY
• METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION

• GRAM STAINING
• GRAM POSITIVE COCCI (SPHERICAL,
VIOLET/BLUE)
• GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI (SPHERICAL, PINK/RED)
• GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI (ROD-LIKE,
VIOLET/BLUE)
• GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI (ROD-LIKE, PINK/RED)
• BIOCHEMICAL TESTS: DETECTS ENZYMES FROM THE
MICROORGANISM
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• MICROBIOLOGY

• METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION

• CELL CULTURE: USING ANIMAL OR HUMAN CELLS FOR VIRUSES

• MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION: USES STAIN FOR FUNGI

• ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY TESTING: DETERMINATION OF THE

BEST ANTIBIOTIC FOR THE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL DISEASE

• ISOLATION AND CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI

REQUIRE CULTURE MEDIA (AGAR WITH NUTRIENTS)
•
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• PARASITOLOGY

• PHYSICAL (COLOR, CONSISTENCY) AND MICROSCOPIC

EXAMINATION OF PARASITIC:
• OVA (EGGS)
• LARVA
• ADULT

• DETECTION OF PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE

DIGESTIVE TRACT, RESPIRATORY TRACT, URINARY
TRACT NERVOUS SYSTEM, BLOOD
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• BLOOD BANKING AND SEROLOGY

• DETERMINATION OF MAJOR AND MINOR BLOOD TYPES

• MAJOR BLOOD TYPES

• ABO SYSTEM: A+, B+, AB+, O+, A- ,B-, AB-, O-

• Rh SYSTEM: Rh+, Rh-

• MINOR BLOOD GROUPS: MNS, P,I, Le, Lu,Fy, KELL, KIDD,

ETC.
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• BLOOD BANKING AND SEROLOGY

• DETERMINATION OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF DONOR’S

BLOOD AND PATIENT’S BLOOD

• INCOMPATIBLE BLOOD TRANFUSED TO PATIENTS CAUSES:

• TRANSFUSION REACTIONS:

• ALLERGIC (HYPERSENSIVITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM)

• HEMOLYTIC (RBC LYSIS)
• FEBRILE (INFECTION)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• BLOOD BANKING AND SEROLOGY

• SCREENING OF:

• DONOR: HIV, HBV, MALARIA, SYPHYLLIS, ETC.

• PATIENTS: HIV, HBV, SYPHYLIS, DENGUE FEVER, ETC.

• PREPARATION OF BLOOD COMPONENTS FOR

TRANSFUSION
• WHOLE BLOOD (BLOOD LOSS)
• FRESH FROZEN PLASMA (SEVERE BURNS)
• PLATELET AND WBC CONCENTRATE (DENGUE
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLINICAL LABORATORY SECTIONS

• HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY

• DETECTION OF CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES

USING TISSUES FROM:

• BIOPSY (APPENDIX, VAGINAL SMEAR /PAP’S

SMEAR, UTERUS, OVARY, LIVER,
LUNGS, ETC.
• FINAL DETECTION OF THE CAUSE OF DEATH
(AUTOPSY: PATHOLOGIST & MED.
TECH.)

• PATHOLOGIST EXAMININES TISSUES, MED. TECH.

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS AND OTHER HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

• PATHOLOGIST
• AMERICAN SETTING
• CHIEF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
• PHILIPPINE SETTING
• CYTOTECHNOLOGISTS
• HISTOTECHNOLOGISTS
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS
• OR CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENTISTS
• BLOOD BANK TECHNOLOGISTS
• PHILIPPINE SETTING
• MEDICAL TECHNICIANS PHLEBOTOMY
TECHNOLOGIST/PHLEBOTOMISTS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS

• PUBLIC HOSPITALS

• 1. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST 1
• 2. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST 2
• 3. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST 3
• 4. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST 4

• PRIVATE HOSPITALS
• GENERALIST: ALL SECTIONS EXCEPT BLOOD BANK AND
HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY (US)
• SPECIALIST: CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, CLINICAL MICROSCOPY,
HEMATOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY,
BLOOD BANK, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS AND OTHER HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS

• FUNCTIONS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST OR CLINICAL

LABORATORY SCIENTIST
• 1. COLLECTION OF LABORATORY SPECIMENS

• 2. EXAMINATION OF LABORATORY SPECIMENS (GENERALIST)

• (ALL SECTIONS EXCEPT BLOOD BANK AND HISTOPATHOLOGY)
• 3. IMPLEMENTING QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM
(REALIABILITY OF RESULTS)
• 4. IMPLEMENTING LABORATORY SAFETY MEASURES
(ACCIDENTS)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• FUNCTIONS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST OR CLINICAL
LABORATORY SCIENTIST

• 5. REGULAR CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS AND

EQUIPMENT
• 6. OPERATION OF LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS

• 7. ENGAGING IN RESEARCH (DISCOVERIES IN SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•MEDICAL AND CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS (PHILIPPINE SETTING)

• PERFORMS THE WORK OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST (LESS COMPLEX

TESTS, INVENTORY OF LABORATORY MATERIALS)
•DID NOT PASS THE BOARD EXAM (70% RATING), CIVIL SERVICE ELIGIBLE

•BSMT OR BSPH GRADUATE WITH 3 YEARS LAB EXPERIENCE

• GRADUATE FROM OTHER PROFESSIONS WITH 8 YEARS LAB EXPERIENCE

• (BEFORE JUNE 21, 1969)
•2 YEARS COLLEGE, 1 YEAR LAB EXPERIENCE

• 1 YEAR COLLEGE, 2 YEARS LAB EXPERIENCE

• 5 YEARS LAB EXPERIENCE (PARAMEDICAL COURSE)

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• PHLEBOTOMY TECHNOLOGISTS/PHLEBOTOMISTS

• QUALIFICATIONS:

• MEDICAL TECHNICIANS/CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS

• (PRIVATE LABORATORIES)
• NURSES (DUE TO THE SHORTAGE OF MED. TECH.)

• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS/CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENTISTS

• UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF A PATHOLOGIST

• FUNCTION: EXTRACT BLOOD SAMPLES FROM IN-PATIENTS

AND OUT-PATIENTS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CYTOTECHNOLOGISTS

• QUALIFICATIONS

• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS TRAINED IN SINGAPORE FOR 6

MONTHS
• MEDICAL DOCTORS WITH RESIDENCY TRANING IN
LABORATORY PATHOLOGY

• MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF CERVICO-VAGINAL SMEAR

FOR THE DETECTION OF CANCER AND SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES

• EXAMINATION REQUIRES PATIENCE, PRECISION AND GOOD

EYESIGHT
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• HISTOTECHNOLOGISTS

• ONLY PREPARES THE SLIDE WITH TISSUES FROM BIOPSY

• PATHOLOGISTS EXAMINES THE SLIDE IN THE MICROSCOPE

FOR THE DETECTION OF CANCER AND SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• BIOPSY SAMPLES ARE PROCESSED BY:
• FIXATION,
• DEHYDRATION,
• CLEARING,
• IMPREGNATION,
• EMBEDDING,
• SECTIONING,
• STAINING, MOUNTING AND LABELLING
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• BLOOD BANK TECHNOLOGISTS

• PERFORM:

• BLOOD TYPING

• BLOOD LETTING

• DONOR SCREENING: AGE, HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL, HIV,

HBV, MALARIA, INTERVIEW (SEXUAL BEHAVIOR,
PRACTICES, TATOO, DRUGS, ALCOHOLISM, ETC.)

• COMPATIBILITY TESTING OF DONOR’S BLOOD AND

PATIENT’S BLOOD:
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• SCOPE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• 1. INVESTIGATING NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS (HOSPITAL

ACQUIRED) EG. PSEUDOMONAS SPP.

• 2. NEW DISCOVERIES THROUGH RESEARCH

• 3. CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION (CONVENTIONS,

WORKSHOPS, WRITESHOPS, TRAINING, SEMINARS, ETC.)

• 4. MOLECULAR ENGINEERING (GENE IDENTIFICATION BY

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• SCOPE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• 5. LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

• 6. ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY TESTING

• 7. VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONATION (PNRC)

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CHARACTERISTICS OF CLINICAL/MEDICAL
LABORATORY PRACTITIONERS

• PROBLEM SOLVERS: QUALITY CONTROL CHECK FOR:

• RANDOM ERRORS (HUMAN)
• SYSTEMATIC ERRORS (MACHINES, REAGENTS)
• CLERICAL (ENCODING, CALCULATION, ETC.)

• RELIABLE: ACCURATE (TRUE VALUE), PRECISE

(CLOSENESS OF RESULTS) AND
EFFICIENT (FAST, ACCURATE AND PRECISE)

• SELF-RELIANT AND SELF-MOTIVATED (INITIATIVE TO

PERFORM)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•CHARACTERISTICS OF CLINICAL/MEDICAL LABORATORY
PRACTITIONERS

•TRUSTWORTHY (EVERY TEST MAY COST THE LIVES OF PATIENTS)

•RESPECTFUL AND COURTEOUS (PEERS, SUPERIORS AND CLIENTS)

•LIMITATIONS OF THE ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF CLINICAL/MEDICAL

LABORATORY PRACTITIONERS
SPECIAL PROCEDURES/TECHNIQUES:
•SOUTHERN BLOTTING (HIV DETECTION)
•NORTHERN BLOTTING (HIV DETECTION)
•POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (DNA ANALYSIS)
•RNA HYBRIDIZATION
•PERIPHERAL SMEAR EXAMINATION (ANEMIA, LEUKEMIA)
•PAP’S SMEAR EXAMINATION (CERVICAL CANCER DETECTION)
•UNLESS TRAINED BY EXPERTS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS (CODE OF ETHICS OF A
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST)

• AS I ENTER THE PRACTICE OF MEDICAL

TECHNOLOGY, I SHALL:

• 1. ACCEPT THE RESPONSIBILITIES INHERENT TO

BEING A PROFESSIONAL.

• 2. UPHOLD THE LAW AND SHALL NOT PARTICIPATE

IN ANY ILLEGAL WORK.

• 3. ACT IN A SPIRIT OF FAIRNESS TO ALL AND IN A

SPIRIT OF BROTHERHOOD TOWARD OTHER
MEMBERS OF THE PROFESSION.
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS (CODE OF ETHICS OF A
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST)

• AS I ENTER THE PRACTICE OF MEDICAL

TECHNOLOGY, I SHALL:

• 5. PERFORM MY TASK WITH FULL CONFIDENCE ,

ABSOLUTE RELIABILITY AND
ACCURACY.
• 6. SHARE MY KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE WITH
MY COLLEGUES.

• 7. CONTRIBUTE TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION AND
OTHER ALLIED HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS.
• 8. RESTRICT MY PRAISES, CRITICISMS, VIEWS AND
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS (CODE OF ETHICS OF A
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST)

• AS I ENTER THE PRACTICE OF MEDICAL

TECHNOLOGY, I SHALL:

• 10. UPHOLD THE DIGNITY AND RESPECT OF MY

PROFESSION AND CONDUCT MYSELF A
REPUTATION OF RELIABILITY, HONESTY AND
INTEGRITY .

• 11. BE DEDICATED TO THE USE OF CLINICAL

LABORATORY SCIENCE TO PROMOTE
LIFE AND BENEFIT MANKIND.

• 12. REPORT ANY VIOLATIONS OF THE ABOVE

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• QUALITIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS

• OUTSTANDING BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDE

• ASSOCIATE AND MINGLE WITH DIVERSE INDIVIDUALS
• LEARN HOW TO ACCEPT MISTAKES
• MAINTAIN LOW PROFILE STATUS
• HIGHLY SOCIABLE
• RESPECTFUL AND COURTEOUS
• DETERMINATION
• FINISH ASSIGNED TASKS
• ACHIEVE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
• TREAT ALL OBSTACLES AS CHALLENGES
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• QUALITIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS

• FULLY EQUIPPED WITH MOTOR SKILLS

• HAND-EYE COORDINATION
• MANUAL DEXTERITY
• EQUIPPED WITH HIGH LEVEL OF CURIOSITY
• MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
• CAN THINK ANALYTICALLY AND CRITICALLY
• SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
• DEMONSTRATES HARDWORK AND DEDICATION
• TEAMWORK OR INDIVIDUAL WORK
• SHOWS GOOD COMMUNICATION SKILLS
• EXPRESSSES IDEAS EFFECTIVELY
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES

• BASED ON LOCATION

• HOSPITAL LABORATORY (OUT- AND IN-PATIENTS)

• FREE-STANDING LABORATORY (OUT- PATIENTS ONLY)

• BASED ON FUNCTION

• ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY LABORATORY:

• MORGUE, HISTOPATHOLOGY, CYTOLOGY,
CYTOGENETICS, ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
• CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LABORATORY: ALL OTHER SECTIONS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES

• BASED ON DOH ACCREDITATION

• TESTS PERFORMED, INSTRUMENTATION,
MANPOWER STRENGTH, FACILITIES
AND EQUIPMENT, AREA
• PRIMARY: 10 SQUARE METERS, (ALL MANUAL)
• HEMATOLOGY, CLINICAL MICROSCOPY,
BLOOD TYPING, GRAM
STAINING
• EG. RURAL HEALTH UNITS IN MUNICIPALITIES

• SECONDARY: 20 SQUARE METERS (SEMI-

AUTOMATION IN CHEMISTRY)
• HEMATOLOGY, CLINICAL MICROSCOPY,
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES

• BASED ON DOH ACCREDITATION

• TERTIARY: 60 SQUARE METERS (FULL

AUTOMATION IN VARIOUS SECTIONS)
• HEMATOLOGY, CLINICAL MICROSCOPY,
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, BLOOD BANK,
SEROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY,
HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY
• EG. PRIVATE HOSPITAL LABORATORIES
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•TYPES OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES

•BASED ON PURPOSE

• SCHOOL-BASED: TRAINING OF STUDENTS, INTERNS

• HOSPITAL-BASED:

• CLOSED/PRIMARY LABORATORY: 1O SQUARE METERS: MANUAL

URINALYSIS, FECALYSIS, COMPLETE BLOOD CLOUNT (WBC, RBC,
HEMOGLOBIN, HEMATOCRIT, DIFFERENTIAL COUNT)
• OPEN/SECONDARY LABORATORY: 20 SQUARE METERS: SEMI-
AUTOMATED MACHINES
• CORE LABORATORY: CONSOLIDATION OF TWO SECTIONS EG.
IMMUNOCHEMISTRY
• REGIONAL LABORATORY: CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LABORATORY: ALL
SECTIONS EXCEPT HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES

• BASED ON PURPOSE

• SCHOOL-BASED: TRAINING OF STUDENTS,

INTERNS

• HOSPITAL-BASED:
• REFERENCE LABORATORY: MAY BE HOSPITAL-
BASED OR NON-
HOSPITAL BASED
• EG. RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL
MEDICINE/RITM (ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM)
• NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS REFERENCE
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES

• BASED ON PURPOSE

• SCHOOL-BASED: TRAINING OF STUDENTS,

INTERNS

• HOSPITAL-BASED:

• POINT-OF-CARE LABORATORY (PATIENT’S

BEDSIDE WITH PORTABLE OR HANDY
EQUIPMENT: EG. GLUCOMETER, BLOOD GAS
ANALYZER)
• STAT LABORATORY/RESPONSE LABORATORY:
NEAR AN EMERGEN- CY
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION
• FOR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
• A. SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
• (SPECTROPHOTOMETER)

• LIGHT COLORED SOLUTION

• TUNGSTEN LAMP (ANALYTE
• HALOGEN LAMP + REAGENT)
• XENON LAMP

• LIGHT ABSORPTION
OR TRANSMITANCE
CONCENTRATION PHOTODETECTOR
BEER’S LAW: CONCENTRATION IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO ABSORBANCE AND
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION

• B. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
• (POTENTIOMETER: PH & ELECTROLYTES
DETERMINATION)
• (POLAROGRAPH: GLUCOSE DETERMINATION)
• (AMPEROMETER: BLOOD GAS DETERMINATION)

• SAMPLE (ANALYTE) + ELECTRODES IN SOLUTION

• ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
• (POTENTIOMETER)
• ELECTRIC CURRENT
• (POLAROGRAPH &
AMPEROMETER)
• PH OR CONCENTRATION METER
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION

• C. CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHORESIS

(SEPARATIVE TECHNIQUES)
• (CHROMATOGRAPH; DRUGS, AMINO ACIDS, FATTY
ACIDS, BILE ACIDS, ETC.)
• (ELECTROPHORETOGRAPH: SERUM PROTEINS,
HEMOGLOBIN)

• SAMPLE (ANALYTES) SUPPORT

MEDIUM: SILICA, GEL,
• PAPER, AGAR, ALUMINA

• SEPARATION OF ANALYTES
BASED ON:
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION

• D. ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY (MODIFICATION OF

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY)

• EG. ANTI-HIV, ANTI HBV

• SAMPLE + ANTIGEN-ENZYME + ANTIBODY (PROTEIN)
• (ANALYTE/ANTIGEN)
• EB. HIV, HBV
• ANALYTE-ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN-ENZYME COMPLEX +

• SUBSTRATE PRODUCT (COLORED)

• SPECTROPHOTOMETER
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION

• E. RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (SCINTILLATION
DETECTOR)

• EG. I 131
• SAMPLE + ANTIGEN-RADIONUCLIDE +
ANTIBODY (PROTEIN)
• (ANALYTE/DRUG)
• EB. MDMA
• ANALYTE-ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN-
RADIONUCLIDE COMPLEX

• RADIOACTIVITY (MILLICURIE)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION FOR CLINICAL
MICROSCOPY AND HEMATOLOGY

• A. FLOW CYTOMETRY
• (FLOW CYTOMETER)

• LIGHT (LASER) CELL FORWARD SCATTER

• CRYSTAL
• BACTERIA, ETC
• SIDE SCATTER

• DETECTOR
•
• COMPUTER COUNTER
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION FOR HISTOPATHOLOGY

• A. AUTOTECHNICON
• (FORMALIN)
• BIOPSY FIXATION DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
• (ETHANOL) (XYLENE)

• INFLITRATION
• (LIQUID PARAFFIN)
• ENBEDDING SECTIONING
• (SOLID PARAFFIN) (MICROTOME)
• STAINING (AUTOMATIC STAINER)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• OTHER CLINICAL LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS

• MICROBIO, HEMA, MICROS, BLOOD

BANK,HISTOPATH
• MICROSCOPE: EXAMINATION OF CELLS, BACTERIA,
FUNGI, PARASITES, ETC

• HISTOPATH
• MICROTOME: CUTTING ORGANS IN PARAFFIN
(TISSUE BLOCK)

• CLIN CHEMI, MICROS, HEMA, BLOOD BANK,

HISTOPATH
• CENTRIFUGE (SEPARATION OF THE LIQUID FROM
THE SOLID OF BLOOD, URINE, ETC)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES

•QUALITY ASSURANCE/QA (PROGRAMS, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

USED TO ACHIEVE QUALITY GOALS)

• QUALITY CONTROL/QC

• 3 ELEMENTS OF QA: 4 VARIABLES OF QC

• COMMITMENT PRE-ANALYTICAL
• FACILITIES AND RESOURCES ANALYTICAL
• TECHNICAL COMPETENCE POST-ANALYTICAL
• QC CHARTS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• QUALITY CONTROL IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES

• PURPOSES OF QA:

• 1. CHECK FOR THE QUALITY OF REAGENTS

• 2. CHECK FOR THE STABILITY MACHINE

• 3. CHECK FOR ERRORS COMMITTED

• RANDOM/HUMAN
• SYSTEMATIC: EQUIPMENT AND/OR REAGENTS
• CLERICAL: MISCALCULATIONS, WRONG DATA
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•4 VARIABLES OF QA AND QC

•1. PRE-ANALYTICAL

• PATIENT ID AND PREPARATION

• SPECIMEN COLLECTION, LABELLING, HANDLING, TRANSPORT, AND PROCESSING

• TURN AROUND TIME

• TEST UTILIZATION

•2. QC CHARTS

• CHECKS RANDOM AND SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• 4 VARIABLES OF QA AND QC

• 3. ANALYTICAL

• TECHNICAL COMPETENCE OF THE STAFF

• ACCURACY OF THE MACHINE
• QUALITY OF THE REAGENTS

• 4. POST-ANALYTICAL

• DATA FROM PATIENTS (CLINICAL CORRELATION)

• DELTA CHECKS (PREVIOUS)
• LIMIT CHECKS (REFERENCE VALUES)
• TEST DUPLICATION (RE-CHECKING)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM/LIS

• ELECTRONIC, WEB-BASED APPLICATION WHICH:

• OPTIMIZES WORK FLOW
• MAXIMIZES PRODUCTIVITY
• ENHANCES EFFICIENCY
• IMPROVES QUALITY CONTROL

• PURPOSES
• PATIENT INFORMATION SECURITY (BAR CODE)
• BETTER LABORATORY REQUEST ORDER
• FASTER RESULT ENTRY AND REPORTING
• DATABASE MANAGEMENT
• IMPROVE SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM/LIS

• WORKFLOW

• LAB TEST ORDER

• BAR CODE

• SPECIMEN COLLECTION

• SPECIMEN PROCESSING
• DIAGNOSIS
• SPECIMEN ANALYSIS
• DATA ENCODING, PRINTING AND SENDING
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• PHILIPPINE LAWS GOVERNING MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• REPUBLIC ACT 5527/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969

(JUNE 21, 1969)
• FUNCTIONS, COURSE REQUIREMENTS, BOARD
EXAMINATION, LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION,
VIOLATIONS, PENAL PROVISIONS, INVESTIGATION
• AMMENDED BY:
• REPUBLIC ACT 6138 (AUGUST 30, 1970)
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 498 (JUNE 28, 1974)
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1534 (JUNE 11, 1978)
• CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 06, SERIES OF 2008
(TRAINING OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY INTERNS (OCTOBER 15,
2007)
• ACCREDITATION OF TRAINING LAB BY DOH AND CHED
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• PHILIPPINE LAWS GOVERNING MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• REPUBLIC ACT 4688/CLINICAL LABORATORY LAW (JUNE 18,

1966)
• LABORATORY:
• TECHNICAL STANDARDS,
• MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS ,
• CLASSIFICATION,
• PERMIT AND LICENSE TO OPERATE,
• INSPECTION & MONITORING,
• VIOLATIONS & PENALTIES,
• WASTE MANAGEMENT,
• QUALITY CONTROL,
• LABORATORY FEES
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• PHILIPPINE LAWS GOVERNING MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• REPUBLIC ACT 7719/NATIONAL VOLUNTARY BLOOD SERVICES

ACT (JUNE 16, 1956)
• ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 9, SERIES OF 1995 (MAY 12,
1994)
• PROMOTION: SCHOOLS, PUBLIC PLACES
• PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY AND
• BLOOD TRANSFUSION/PSHBT
• PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF PATHOLOGISTS/PSP
• PHILIPPINE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION/PMA
• PHILIPPINE NURSING ASSOCIATION/PNA
• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGISTS/PAMET
• REGULATION (NON-PROFIT), IMPORTATION, PENALTIES
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• PHILIPPINE LAWS GOVERNING MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• REPUBLIC ACT 8504/PHILIPPINE HIV/AIDS LAW (1998)

• RIGHT TO PRIVACY,
• NO COMPULSORY TESTING,
• EDUCATION,
• CONFIDENTIALITY,
• MONITORING,
• SUPPORT SERVICES,
• DISCRIMINATORY ACTS AND SERVICES,
• SAFE PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES
• PHILIPPINE NATIONAL AIDS COUNCIL
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• PHILIPPINE LAWS GOVERNING MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• REPUBLIC ACT 9165/PHILIPPINE DANGEROUS DRUGS LAW
• DRUG TESTING LABORATORIES
• PROFICIENCY TESTING
• ACCREDITATION AND LICENSING
• VIOLATIONS
• REPUBLIC ACT 7170/ORGAN DONATION ACT OF 1991
• AGE REQUIREMENT: 18 YEARS OLD
• EXECUTION
• HUMAN BODY EXAMINATION
• RIGHTS AND DUTIES AFTER DEATH
• REPUBLIC ACT 9288/NEWBORN SCREENING ACT OF 2004
• REFUSAL TO BE TESTED
• LICENSING, ACCREDITATION AND FEES
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• ETHICS

• the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with
moral duty and obligation

• a guiding philosophy

•  the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group

• an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and
bad behavior
• a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or
wrong
• a belief that something is very important
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF ETHICS

• GENERAL
• TRUTHS ABOUT HUMAN ACTS (MORALITY)

• SPECIAL
• INDIVIDUAL: GOD, SELF & HUMAN-BEINGS
• SOCIAL: FAMILY, STATE AND THE WORLD

• PROFESSIONAL
• CONDUCT AND BEHAVIOR IN WORK
• FOR THE GOOD OF COMMUNITY AND MAN
• EG. MEDICAL ETHICS (NURSES, DOCTORS, ETC.)
• CODE OF ETHICS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MORAL PRINCIPLES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
ETHICS

• AUTONOMY: RIGHT TO REFUSE OR CHOOSE

• BENEFICENCE: ACT IN THE BEST INTEREST OF

THE PATIENT

• NONMALIFICENCE: EVIL OR HARM SHOULD NOT

BE INFLICTED ON ONESELF
OR OTHERS
• JUSTICE: DISTRIBUTION OF SCARCE HEALTH
RESOURCES FOR FAIRNESS AND
EQUALITY
• RESPECT FOR DIGNITY: CARE, HIGH REGARD FOR
PATIENTS, INFORMATIONS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• VALUES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

• PERSON A
• FAMILY
• COMMUNITY
• SOCIETY
• CULTURE
• RELIGION
• COLLEAGUES
• BELIEFS
• VALUES
• BEHAVIOR
• PERCEPTIONS PERSON B
• IMPRESSIONS
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE

•BREACH OF CONFIDENTIALITY (PRIVATE OR PUBLIC INFORMATIONS)

•NEGLIGENCE: (UNREASONABLE DOING OR NOT DOING)

•MALPRACTICE: (NEGLIGENCE BY A PROFESSIONAL)

•STANDARD OF CARE: (PROTECTION FROM HARM)

•ASSAULT (IMMEDIATE HARM)

•BATTERY (DELIBERATE HARMFUL OR OFFENSIVE TOUCHING WITHOUT CONSENT OR

LEGAL JURISDICTION)

•INVASION OF PRIVACY (RIGHT TO BE LEFT ALONE)

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MORAL ISSUES AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• STEM CELLS

• ORIGINAL CELLS WHICH OTHER BODY CELLS

ORIGINATE
• GENERATE AND REPAIR DAMAGED TISSUES IN
ORGANS

• SOURCES OF STEM CELLS

• EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (4-5 DAY OLD

EMBRYO/BLASTOCYTS WITH 150 CELLS)

• ADULT STEM CELLS (BONE MARROW, UMBILICAL

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MORAL ISSUES AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• RISKS OF STEM CELL THERAPY

• TUMOR FORMATION

• POST-OPERATIVE INFECTION: CONTAMINATED

INSTRUMENTS

• REJECTION OF CELLS BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

• MIGRATION OF CELLS TO ANY SITE OF AN ORGAN

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MORAL IMPLICATIONS OF STEM CELL THERAPY

• IS STEM CELL HARVESTING A SIN?

• IS IT MORALLY RIGHT TO USE STEM CELLS FOR THERAPY OF

DISEASES LIKE CANCER?

• WHEN DOES LIFE BEGIN? EMBRYONIC STAGE OR FETAL STAGE?

FERTILIZATION STAGE?

• WHICH IS MORALLY CORRECT?

• TO HARVEST STEM CELL TO CURE CANCER OR
• TO PRESERVE THE STEM CELLS IN THE OWNER’S BODY?
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MORAL IMPLICATIONS OF PREMARITAL SEX

• IS IT A SIN?

• IF IT IS DONE WITH LOVE?

• IF IT IS DONE WITHOUT LOVE?

• IS SEX A BASIC NEED FOR LOVERS?

• CAN LOVE EXISTS WITHOUT SEX?

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• EUTHANASIA:

• GOOD DEATH, EASY DEATH, MERCY KILLING

• RELIEVES PAIN AND SUFFERING

• EG. PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL DISEASES

• STAGE 4 CANCER

• MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE

• PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE/PVS

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• EUTHANASIA:

• MULTI-SOCIETY TASK FORCE ON PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE

STATE
• DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR PVS:

• NO EVIDENCE OF SELF-AWARENESS (NO INTERACTION)

• NO EVIDENCE OF SUSTAINED, REPRODUCIBLE,

PURPOSEFUL OR VOLUNTARY BAHAVIORAL RESPONSES
TO: VISUAL, AUDITORY, TACTILE OR NOXIOUS STIMULI

• NO EVIDENCE OF LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION OR

EXPRESSION
• HAS INTERMITTENT WAKEFULNESS (SLEEP-WAKE CYCLES)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• EUTHANASIA:

• MULTI-SOCIETY TASK FORCE ON PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE

STATE
• DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR PVS:

• HAS AUTONOMIC FUNCTION OF HYPOTHALAMUS AND

BRAIN STEM WITH MEDICAL AND NURSING CARE

• HAS BOWEL AND BLADDER INCONTINENCE

• HAS CRANIAL NERVE REFLEXES (PUPILLARY, OCULOCEPHALIC,

CORNAL, VESTIBULO-OCULAR) AND SPINAL NERVE
REFLEXES
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF EUTHANASIA:

• VOLUNTARY (PATIENT’S CONSENT, LEGAL IN BELGIUM,

LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, OREGON WASHINGTON)
• PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE
• NON-VOLUNTARY
• EG. CHILD WITH SEVERE BRAIN DAMAGE (CAN
SURVIVE ONLY WITH LIFE SUPPORT)
• WITH PARENT’S CONSENT
• INVOLUNTARY( A CRIME)
• PATIENT IS CAPABLE BUT DID NOT REQUEST
•
• PASSIVE (WITHRAWING MEDICAL TREATMENT)

• ACTIVE (DEATH PENALTY, USE OF KCl TO STOP THE HEART)

 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MORAL IMPLICATIONS OF EUTHANASIA

• IS IT A SIN? WHY OR WHY NOT?

• WHICH TYPE IS THE MOST SINFUL?

• WHICH TYPE IS THE LEAST SINFUL?

• IF IT IS NOT A SIN, SHOULD THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

LEGALIZE EUTHANASIA?

• WILL THE SOUL OF THE PATIENT REST IN PEACE AFTER

DEATH?
• IS THERE LIFE AFTER DEATH?
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MORAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL BIRTH CONTROL
• IS IT A SIN? WILL IT PROMOTE PROMISCUITY?

• IF YOU USE:

• PILLS?

• CONDOM?

• INTRAUTERINE DEVICE/IUD?

• ESTROGEN PATCH?

• VASECTOMY?
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• CLONING

• CREATION OF GENETIC COPY OF A SEQUENCE OF

DNA OF THE ENTIRE GENOME
OF AN ORGANISM

• ALSO KNOWN AS SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR

TRANSFER

• EG. IAN WILMUT, ROSLIN INSTITUTE IN

SCOTLAND

• OOCYTE WITH DNA (SCOTTISH BLACKFACE EWE)

DNA REMOVED
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF CLONING

• THERAPEUTIC
• STUDY DISEASES, DRUGS
• REPRODUCTIVE
• CREATING HUMAN EMBRYOS

• IS CLONING A SIN? WHY OR WHY NOT?

• WHEN DOES LIFE BEGIN? EMBRYONIC STAGE? FETAL

STAGE?

• WILL A CLONED HUMAN BECOME EXACTLY THE SAME

WITH THE ORIGINAL PERSON?
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MORAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTS
• (KIDNEY, LIVER, CORNEA, HEART)

• IS IT A SIN?

• WHAT COMMANDMENT/RULE IS VIOLATED?

• WHICH IS MORALLY RIGHT?

• TO DONATE AN ORGAN IN ORDER TO SAVE LIFE?

• TO PRESERVE ALL ORGANS WHICH GOD GAVE US?

• IS IT MORALLY CORRECT LEGALIZE ORGAN DONATION

HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES?
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN VALUES

• ETHICAL BELIEFS (RELIGION)

• CULTURAL FRAMEWORK (NORMS OF THE FAMILY & SOCIETY)

• KNOWLEDGE (AWARENESS)
• VALUE DEVELOPMENT (INTELLECT)
• FREEDOM (WILL TO DO)
•
• HUMAN ACTS GOOD OR BAD?
• VOLUNTARINESS (INTENTION)
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•MORAL PRINCIPLES IN THE JUDGEMENT OF MORALITY

•A GOOD ACT THAT IS DONE FOR A GOOD MOTIVE BECOMES

DOUBLY GOOD
•A EVIL ACT THAT IS DONE FOR A EVIL MOTIVE BECOMES DOUBLY
EVIL
•A GOOD ACT THAT IS DONE FOR A EVIL MOTIVE BECOMES
EVIL
•A EVIL ACT THAT IS DONE FOR A GOOD MOTIVE DOES NOT
BECOME GOOD
•A INDIFFERENT ACT THAT IS DONE FOR A GOOD MOTIVE
BECOMES GOOD
•A INDIFFERENT ACT THAT IS DONE FOR A EVIL MOTIVE
BECOMES EVIL
•
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• OBSTACLES TO VOLUNTARY ACTION

• IGNORANCE (ABSENCE/LACK OF KNOWING)

• CONSCUPISCENCE (REBELLION OF THE PASSIONS AGAINST

REASONS)

• FEAR (AGITATION OF THE MIND DUE TO APPREHENSION OF

AN IMPENDING EVIL)

• VIOLENCE(EXTERNAL FORCE APPLIED BY A FREE CAUSE FOR THE PURPOSE

OF COMPELLING TO PERFORM AN ACT AGAINST THE WILL)
• Dr. pio de roda dr. mariano icasiano

• Puc ms
 Serafin juliano
• gustavo reyes antonio gabriel

• carmen de luna
• Lauro panganiban jesus nolasco
• Usa slu

• auf