The Digestive System

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 Indicators:
• To identify food nutrition value until 3 days.
• To explain the possibility that might be happen if insuffiency/excess one of
nutrition.
• To explain how to test the content of food nutrition like amino protein, fat,
glucose, amilum
• To explain the structure and the function of human digestive.
• To explain the process of digestive system like carbohydrate, fats, and
proteins.
• To make a table of tools/glands, function and and change of food. To identify
structure, function and process of ruminansia animals.
• To distinguis
• To explain the possibility of disease that can be happen in human digestion
system.
• To identify the way for avoiding/ rehabilating disease / disorders of digestion
system.
• digestion system at human and ruminansia animals
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 Digestion
• Processing of food
• Types
– Mechanical (physical)
• Chew
• Tear
• Grind
• Mash
• Mix
– Chemical
• Catabolic reactions
• Enzymatic hydrolysis
– Carbohydrate
– Protein
– Lipid
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 Digestion
• Phases
– Ingestion
– Movement
– Digestion
– Absorption
– Further digestion

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Digestive System Organization

• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract (Alimentary canal)

– Tube within a tube
– Direct link/path between organs
– Structures
• Mouth
• Oral Cavity
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Duedenum
• Jejenum
• kIleum
• Cecum
• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
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 Digestive System Organization
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon
• Rectum
• Anus
• Accessory structures
– Not in tube path
– Organs
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Liver
• Gall bladder
• Pancreas

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Anatomy of the Mouth and
Throat

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Human Deciduous and
Permanent Teeth

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Dorsal Surface of the Tongue

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Flash The Major Salivary Glands

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 Saliva and Salivary Glands
In mouth there are three salivary glands, they are:
Parotids gland
Submandibular gland,
Sublingual gland.
They are produce saliva which contain
ptyalin enzyme (amylase)
that will change amilum (polysaccharide)
become maltose.

Saliva has a pH of 6,8 to 7,0 .

 Deglutition (swallowing)
• Sequence
– Voluntary stage
• Push food to back of mouth
– Pharyngeal stage
• Raise
– Soft palate
– Larynx + hyoid
– Tongue to soft palate
– Esophageal stage
• Contract pharyngeal muscles
• Open esophagus
• Start peristalsis

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 Deglutition (swallowing)
• Control
– Nerves
• Glossopharyngeal
• Vagus
• Accessory
– Brain stem
• Deglutition center
– Medulla oblongata
– Pons
– Disorders
• Dysphagia
• Aphagia

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 Esophagus
• Usually collapsed (closed)
• 3 constrictions
– Aortic arch
– Left primary bronchus
– Diaphragm
• Surrounded by
– SNS plexus
– Blood vessels
• Functions
– Secrete mucous
– Transport food
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Peristalsis and Segmentation

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 Esophagus
• Sphincters
– Upper
– Lower
• Abnormalities
– Achalasia
– Atresia
– Hernia
– Barret’s esophagus
– Esophageal varices

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 Stomach
• Usually “J” shaped
• Left side, anterior to the spleen
• Mucous membrane
– G cells – make gastrin
– Goblet cells – make mucous
– Gastric pit – Oxyntic gland – Parietal cells – Make
HCl
– Chief cells – Zymogenic cells
• Pepsin
• Gastric lipase

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Anatomy of the Stomach

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 Stomach
• 3 muscle layers
– Oblique
– Circular
– Longitudinal
• Regions
– Cardiac sphincter
– Fundus
– Antrum (pylorus)
– Pyloric sphincter
• Vascular
• Inner surface thrown into folds – Rugae
• Contains enzymes that work best at pH 1-2

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 Stomach
• Functions
– Absorbs
– Mix food
• Alcohol
– Reservoir
• Water
– Start digestion of
•• Protein
Lipophilic acid
• Nucleic acids
•• B
Fats12
– Activates some enzymes
– Destroy some bacteria
– Makes intrinsic factor – B 12 absorption
– Destroys some bacteria

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 Small Intestine
• Extends from pyloric
sphincter  ileocecal
valve
• Regions
– Duodenum
– Jejenum
– Ileum
• Movements
– Segmentation
– Peristalsis

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 Small Intestine
• Histology
– Intestinal glands – Intestinal enzymes
– Duodenal glands – Alkaline mucous
– Paneth cells – Lysozyme
– Microvilli
– Lacteals
– Plica circularis
– Smooth muscle
– Lymphatic tissue – GALT
– Vascular

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 Small Intestine
• Absorbs
– Lipids
– 80% ingested water
• Monoglycerides
– Electrolytes
– • Fatty acids
Vitamins
– Minerals
• Micelles
– Carbonates
• Chylomicrons
•
Active/facilitated transport
• Monosaccharides
– Proteins
• Di-/tripeptides
• Amino acids

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Structure of the Villi in the
Small Intestine

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 Small Intestine
• Secretes digestive enzymes
– Peptidases
• Amino-
• Di-
• Tri-
– Sucrases
– Maltase
– Lactase
– Saccharidases
• Di-
• Tri-
– Lipase
– Nucleases

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 Small Intestine
• Control
• Requires
pancreatic enzymes
& bile to complete
digestion

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 Large Intestine
• Extends from ileocecal valve to anus
• Regions
– Cecum – Appendix
– Colon
• Ascending
• Transverse
• Descending
– Rectum
– Anal canal

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Anatomy of the Large Intestine

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 Large Intestine
• Histology
– No villi
– No permanent circular folds
– Smooth muscle
• Taeniae coli
• Haustra
– Epiploic appendages
– Otherwise like rest of Gl tract

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 Large Intestine
• Functions
– Mechanical digestion – Absorbs
• Haustral churning • More water
• Peristalsis • Vitamins
• Reflexes – B
– K
– Gastroileal
– Gastrocolic – Concentrate/eliminate
– Chemical digestion – wastes
Bacterial digestion
• Ferment carbohydrates
• Protein/amino acid
breakdown

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Feces Formation and Defecation
•• Chyme dehydrated to form feces
Control
• Feces composition
– Parasympathetic
– Water
– Inorganic
–
Voluntary salts
– Epithelial cells
– Bacteria
– Byproducts of digestion
• Defecation
– Peristalsis pushes feces into rectum
– Rectal walls stretch

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 Liver
• Location
– R. Hypochondrium
– Epigastric region
• 4 Lobes
– Left
– Quadrate
– Caudate
– Right
• Each lobe has lobules – Contains hepatocytes –
Surround sinusoids – Feed into central vein

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 Liver
• Functions
– Makes bile
• Detergent – emulsifies fats
• Release promoted by:
– Vagus n.
– CCK
– Secretin
• Contains
– Water
– Bile salts
– Bile pigments
– Electrolytes
– Cholesterol
– Lecithin

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 Liver
– Detoxifies/removes
• Drugs
• Alcohol
– Stores
• Gycolgen
• Vitamins (A, D, E, K)
• Fe and other minerals
• Cholesterol
– Activates vitamin D
– Fetal RBC production
– Phagocytosis
– Metabolizes absorbed food
molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
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 Liver
• Dual blood supply
– Hepatic portal vein
• Direct input from
small intestine
– Hepatic artery/vein
• Direct links to
heart

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The Duodenum and Related
Organs

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The Organs and Positions in the
Abdominal Cavity

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Structures of the Alimentary
Canal

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