PUMPS

Pumping Basics
Centrifugal Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps
Pumping Basics
 PUMPS deliver energy (lb-ft, lb-in, joules. Etc.) to a given
volume (cu.in., cc. gallon= 231 cu.in., liter= 1000cc)
 Pressure is usually thought of as force/area, but is also energy/volume
(lb-in/in3 = lb/in2 or psi)
 Pressure x Flow is power: energy/vol x vol/time
PSI x GPM = HP; Pascals x m3/sec = watts
1714

Energy Gain (ib-in)

per unit volume (in3)
= lb/in2 (psi)
Pumping Basics
 HEAD, energy per pound of liquid, commonly expressed in feet representing the
vertical height of a static column of liquid corresponding to the pressure of the fluid at
the point in question
 In general, a liquid may have three kinds of energy. That is, the capacity to do work
may be due to three factors:
 Potential Head - (energy of position, i.e. the work obtainable in dropping a
vertical distance) Hz is directly measured in feet
 Static Pressure Head - (energy per pound due to pressure, i.e. the height to
which a liquid can be raised by a given pressure) Hp(ft) = [PSI x 2.31] / SG
 Velocity Head - (kinetic energy per pound, i.e. the vertical distance a liquid
would have to fall to acquire velocity V) Hv(ft) = V2 / 2g

H2O Gasoline Molasses

SG= 0.7 SG= 1.5
SG= 1
3.3 ft HV= V2
2.31 ft 2g
P 1 psi P 1 psi P 1 psi 1.54 ft
Velocity
V
 Pumping Basics
 Total Pump Head, is the difference between the energy per lb
on the discharge side vs. the suction side of a pump (expressed in feet)
 Zs & Zd are the elevation (ft) to the point of suction or discharge measure
from thr datum plane (usually through the center of the pump’s inlet port)
 Hfs & Hfd are the friction losses (in feet) in the direction of flow to/from the
pump suction & discharge parts to the respective measuring points

H= ( Pd – Ps ) x 2.31/SG
+ ( Zd – Zs ) P Pd
+ ( Vd2 – Vs2 ) Vd
2g
Ps P + ( Hfd – Hfs )
Zd
Vs Zs
Hfd
Hfs
Pump Types
 Kinetic vs.  Positive Displacement
 Centrifugal vs.  Special Effect
e.g., Jet Pump (Eductor)

 Radial vs.  Axial vs.  Mixed Flow

Centrifugal (Radial Flow)
IMPELLER

EYE

VOLUTE

DISCHARGE

SUCTION
(Radial) Centrifugal Pump
Varieties
 Horizontal vs.  Impeller construction
Vertical

 Closed Impeller

 Semi-closed
Impeller
 Open
Impeller
 (Radial) Centrifugal Pump
Varieties  Multi-stage centrifugal pumps
 Single suction

 Double suction
Centrifugal Pump PUMP
SYSTEM
Characteristics P

PRESSURE
(PSI)
PUMP CHARACTERISTIC

IDEAL
SHUT-OFF
OPERATING
HEAD (no flow) ACTUAL
POINT

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTIC

FLOW (GPM)
Centrifugal Pump PUMP
SYSTEM
Characteristics P

PRESSURE PUMP CHARACTERISTIC

(PSI) (higher RPM)
PUMP CHARACTERISTIC

IDEAL
SHUT-OFF
OPERATING
HEAD (no flow) ACTUAL
POINT

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTIC
SHUT-OFF
HEAD (no flow)
PUMP CHARACTERISTIC
(lower RPM)
FLOW (GPM)
 Pump Types
 Kinetic vs.  Positive Displacement

 Reciprocating vs.  Rotary

Fixed volume pushed through each stroke (recip) or revolution (rotary)

Pos. Displ. Pump
Characteristics P

PRESSURE IDEAL
(PSI) ACTUAL PUMP
SYSTEM
PUMP CHARACTERISTIC

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTIC

OPERATING POINT

FLOW (GPM)
Pos. Displ. Pump
Relief
Valve

Characteristics P

PRESSURE
(PSI)
? IDEAL
ACTUAL PUMP
SYSTEM
Relief Valve setting

Into SystemRecirc Recirc

Through Pump

FLOW (GPM)
Pos. Displ. Pump
Relief
Valve

Characteristics P

PRESSURE IDEAL
(PSI) ACTUAL PUMP
SYSTEM
Relief Valve setting

Recirc

Through Pump

Increase Pump
Speed
FLOW (GPM)
Reciprocating Pumps
 Single acting  Double acting
one one
cycle cycle

two vols
one vol one vol

GPM= VOL(gal) x CYCLE/MIN GPM= 2 x VOL(gal) x CYCLE/MIN

 Reciprocating Pumps
 Simplex (one piston)  Duplex
Slide Valve Valve Chest

Steam End Liquid End single or double acting

horizontal or vertical
single or double acting
horizontal or vertical
 Triplex & Multiplex Multiple (3 or more)
plungers (pistons)

single or double acting

Motor or horizontal or vertical
Engine driven
 Reciprocating Pumps
 Diaphragm Pump (air operatated)
DISCHARGE AIR
SUPPLY

SHUTTLE
VALVE

EXHAUST

SUCTION
 Rotary Pumps
 Gear Pump (external gear)
Driving Gear

Driven Gear

= volume
betw adj teeth
 (Internal) Gear Pump


in3 x # teeth x 2 gears x RPM
231 in /gal
3

= GPM Driving Gear

Driven Gear
Rotary Pumps
 Gear Pumps
 Lobe Pumps
One rotor does
not drive the
other
Timing Gears
required

Two, three, or more

lobes possible:
2 lobes = “rotating
piston”
Rotary Pumps
 Gear Pumps
 Lobe Pumps
 Screw Pumps

Triple-screw
Double-end
without Timing Gears

Double-screw
Double-end Double-screw
with Timing Gears Single-end
without Timing Gears
Rotary Pumps
 Gear Pumps
 Lobe Pumps
 Screw Pumps
 Sliding Vane Pumps
Rotary Pumps
 Gear Pumps
Circulated water acts as piston
 Lobe Pumps
 Screw Pumps Air drawn in to create vacuum
 Sliding Vane Pumps Used to prime centrifugal pump
 Liquid Piston Pump