Academic Writing

Presentation - 13

Lt Col M. Javeed Khan (R)

Department of EDUCATION 1
Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
 Course Outline

Detail of Course Outline1

Use of Public Sources for Academic Writing

• Using Quotations
• Citations

Department of EDUCATION 2
Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
What Is a Quotation?
• A quotation is a group of words that are repeated by someone
other than the original author or writer.
• There are two types of quotation:
• A Direct Quotation. A direct quotation is an exact copy of the
original. A direct quotation is shown by placing it between
quotation marks.
• "Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake."
(Napoleon)
• An Indirect Quotation. An indirect quotation is close copy of the
original, but it is paraphrased to fit its surroundings.
• An indirect quotation does not have quotation marks.
• According to Napoleon, you should never interrupt your enemy
when he is making a mistake.

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Quotation Marks
• Quotation marks are primarily used to indicate material that is
being reproduced word for word, as well as some other important
uses.
• Commas and periods that are part of the overall sentence go inside
the quotation marks, even though they aren’t part of the original
quotation.
• Unless they are part of the original quotation, all marks other than
commas or periods are placed outside the quotation marks.

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• Use quotation marks [ “ ” ] to set off material that represents
quoted or spoken language.
• Quotation marks also set off the titles of things that do not
normally stand by themselves: short stories, poems, and articles.
• Usually, a quotation is set off from the rest of the sentence by a
comma; however, the typography of quoted material can become
quite complicated.

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• Quoting is an important technique used to include information
from outside sources in academic writing.
• When using quotations, it is important that you also cite the
original reference that you have taken the quotation from, as your
citations provide your reader with a map of the research that you
have done.
• Making effective use of quotations in your writing requires you
to carefully assess the value of including someone else’s own
words in the advancement of your own argument.

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When should you quote?
• Using a quotation is appropriate in the following situations:
1. The language of the passage is particularly elegant,
powerful, or memorable.
2. You wish to confirm the credibility of your argument by
enlisting the support of an authority on your topic.
3. The passage is worthy of further analysis. 
4. You wish to argue with someone else’s position in
considerable detail.
• Research that involves participants (for example, interviews and
participant-observation research) also often makes extensive use
of quotations in order to foreground the unique voices and
perspectives of the participants.

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• When you’re writing something that is a direct quote, meaning
that it is the exact words that someone spoke, you need to use
double quotation marks. Using them properly can be a little tricky,
so remember these rules.
• If you start by telling who said it, use a comma and then the first
quotation mark.
• Taylor said, “You can’t be serious.”
• If you put the quote first and then tell who said it, use a comma at
the end of the sentence, and then the second quotation mark.
• “I had no idea it was so late already,” said Jenna.

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• Punctuation always goes inside the quotation marks if it is a direct
quote. If you use an exclamation point or a question mark, do not
use a comma.
• “It’s great!” he exclaimed.
• She asked her mother quietly, “Is it time for bed?”
• If you quote someone within a quote, use single quotation marks
and follow the same rules.
• He began to tell us the story, “As soon as I walked in the room the
principal said, ´You’ve been here a lot lately John,´ so I just sat
there quietly.”

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• If you are writing a story, every time a new speaker is talking, start
a new paragraph.
• “Good morning,” I said as I came down the stairs.
• “Good morning,” said my mother.
• “Is it nice outside?” I asked
• “It’s a beautiful day,” she answered with a smile.

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Rules
You must quote exactly, including any punctuation marks.
• Use single quotation marks ' ' to enclose the quoted words of a
short quotation. Double quotation marks " " are used to mark off a
quotation within a longer quoted passage, often a passage from a
literary work.
• If the quote is longer than about three lines it should be indented,
that is, put in its own paragraph and set in further from the margin,
and the quotation marks omitted.
• Each quotation must have a reference, which should appear in
brackets immediately afterwards, either naming the original source
or using a number with a numbered reference at the end.

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Rules
• If you add a word of your own in the middle of a quotation for
clarity, then put square brackets [ ] around it.
• If you leave out a word or phrase, then indicate what you have
done by putting an ellipsis … where the word or phrase was.
• Introduce a quotation with a phrase followed either by a comma or
a colon.
• Different disciplines do have slightly different conventions, so
check with your tutor. Once you have decided on which
conventions to use, be consistent with them.

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Important Tips
• It is not necessary to quote full sentences; select the essential
part of the idea.
• Do not quote excessively; your paper should present your ideas,
not someone else’s.
• As a general rule, do not end a paragraph with a quotation;
end with your ideas.

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Important Tips
• It is not necessary to quote full sentences; select the essential
part of the idea.
• Do not quote excessively; your paper should present your ideas,
not someone else’s.
• As a general rule, do not end a paragraph with a quotation;
end with your ideas.

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Link:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLALQuK1NDrhq44LEu1Dy
BEJdGXR7JUne

https://youtu.be/F_yYYoqkZl8

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Citations
Why should I cite sources?
Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to
use other people's work without plagiarizing. But there are a number
of other reasons to cite sources:
• Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out
more about your ideas and where they came from
• Not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be
more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper
citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad
ideas.
• Citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
• Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to
your ideas

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• Citations
A citation is a reference to a source.[2] More precisely, a citation is an
abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an
intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references
section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance
of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the
citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the
bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a
citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic
scientific articles are known as nanopublications, a form of micro-
attribution.
Citations have several important purposes: to uphold intellectual
honesty (or avoiding plagiarism),to attribute prior or unoriginal work
and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine
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independently whether the referenced material supports the author's
• The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally
accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford, Harvard,
MLA, American Sociological Association (ASA), American
Psychological Association (APA), and other citations systems,
because their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily
interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems has its
advantages and disadvantages. Editors often specify the citation
system to use.
• Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are
generally not considered citations because they do not fulfill the
true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgement by other
authors of the priority of one's ideas.

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Citation depends on the type of source and may include:
• Book: author(s), book title, place of publication, publisher, date of
publication, and page number(s) if appropriate.
• Journal: author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication,
and page number(s).
• Newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section
title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication.
• Web site: author(s), article and publication title where
appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was
accessed.

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Citation depends on the type of source and may include:
• Play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter
separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For
example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free
to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already
married" (Pushkin 4.452–53).
• Poem: spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines
of a poem, and parenthetical citations usually include the line
number(s). For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in
me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).
• Interview: name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal
interview) and date of interview.

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Doesn't citing make my work seem less original?
• Not at all.
• On the contrary, citing sources actually helps your reader
distinguish your ideas from those of your sources.
• This will actually emphasize the originality of your own work.

When do I need to cite?

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their
source. The following situations almost always require citation:
• whenever you use quotes
• whenever you paraphrase
• whenever you use an idea that someone else has already
expressed
• whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
• whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing
your own ideas.
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The End

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