UBLIC ADMINISTRATION

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

AND DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT

REAS ORG. & MGT AREAS POLITICAL: peace,

Development of Administration of people participation.,
VOLUTION PERSONNEL ADM Administration Development democracy,
ECONOMIC: Strong Republic, etc.
F PA PA as an end PA as a means High GNP, saving
FISCAL ADM SOCIAL: High literacy
Investment,
rate & Low mortality
Cameral Science Administrative 1.. Goals Employment, etc.
rate
Capability 2. Structure
3. Personnel Rostow’s Take-
US W. Wilson Politics-Adm. Dichotomy 4. Fiscal Off Models of
INDICATORS 5. Technology 1.Pre-conditions Development
Nicholas Henry’s Paradigms of PA 2.Take-Off
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: 3.Drive to Matrty.
PHILIPPINE SETTING Hammarskjold
Paradigm 1: Politics-Adm. Dichotomy Towards Another
Todaro Dominance Development
PRE-MARTIAL LAW Major Goals Dependency Theory 1.Elimination of
Paradigm 2: Principles of Adm. PERIOD Elimination of: 1.Co-existence of rich poverty
Adm………… Administration MARTIAL LAW & poor 2. Self-reliance
1.Poverty 3. Harmony w/ the
Paradigm 3: PA as Political Science
(192373727) AQUINO REGIME 2. Widening gap
2. Illiteracy between rich & poor environment
RAMOS REGIME 3. Diseases 3. Gap is permanent 4. Restructuring
Paradigm 4: PA as Administrative Sci. 4. Rich indifference
ESTRADA REGIME 4. Injustice 5. Immediate Action is
necessary
Paradigm 5: PA as PA? ARROYO REGIME
Major Programs CHALLENGES & PROBLEMS

s PA a separate field of study? AQUINO 1. Matuwid na 1.Peace & order 7. Too much partisanship
daan 2.Terrorism 8. Revenue generation
dentity Crisis 1. Definitional Problems 2. New politics 3.High crime rate 9. Cabinet Revamp
2. 3. Peace 4.Rampant corruption 10. Rising poverty
Scope/Boundary Disputes DUTERTE Negotiation 5.High unemployment 11.public trust
FACTORS 3. Politics-adm, Dichotomy 6.High Foreign debt & confidence
4. Science/Art Controversy War on Crimes
5. Means-End Controversy & Corruption
Regime
▣ “Throughout its development as an academic
disipline and profession, much effort has been
invested by its scholars toward examining its
focus or locus of inquiry. While every discipline
periodically undergoes period of sometimes
wrenching reassessment, public administration
has experienced constant,almost periodic,
episodes of re-examination in the course of its
struggle for academic acceptance” (Donald
Kettl)
▣ “There is a continuous SEARCH and DEBATE
for its true existence as a discipline or field of
study with various scholars attempting to
answer some epistemological questions related
to its boundaries with other social science
disciplines, its methodologies, scope, direction
and heritage”
 PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION N. Henry)
▣ Paradigm 1: Politics- ▣ Paradigm 4: Public
Administration Administration as
Dichotomy
Administrative
(1900-1926) Science
▣ Paradigm 2: Principles
of Administration (1950-1970)
(1927-37) ▣ Paradigm 5: Public
▣ THE CHALLENGE Administration as
(1938-1950) Public
▣ Paradigm3: Public Administration?
Administration as (1970 onward)
Political Science (1950-
1970)
Public administration's development as an academic
field may be conceived as a succession of four
overlapping paradigms. As Robert T. Golembiewski
has noted in a perceptive essay on the evolution of
the field,4 each phase may be characterized
according to whether it has "locus" or "focus." Locus
is the institutional "where" of the field. A recurring
locus of public administration is the government
bureaucracy, but this has not always been the case
and often this traditional locus has been blurred.
Focus is the specialized "what" of the field. One focus
of public administration has been the study of certain
"principles of administration," but, again, the foci of
the discipline have altered with the changing
paradigms of public administration
Paradigm 1: Politics –Administration
Dichotomy
▣ W. Wilson “Study of ▣ PA also refers to the
administration” implementation of
▣ Separation of policy policies
making from policy
implementation ▣ Political neutrality
▣ Separation of powers among civil servants is
▣ Presidential System encouraged
▣ PA refers to the ▣ It is concerned with the
executive branch of the LOCUS of PA: Where is
government or
executive branch in PA?
action
▣ Wison's view of PA was exhaustively duiscussed by
Frank Goodnow in his book “Politics and
Administration: A Study in Government” (1900)
▣ Goodnow has defined the role of politics as the
expression of the will of the state while that of the
administration is its execution.
▣ Leonard White's book “Introduction to the Study of
PA” (1926) also reinforced the relevance and
importance of the politics-administration dichotomy
principle.; public administrtion is capable of becoming
a "value-free" science in its own right; the mission of
administration is economy and efficiency, period.
 Paradigm 2: Principles of
Administration
▣ Science and scientific processes can be applied to
administrative processes
▣ Discovery of certain universally applicable principles
▣ Classical School
1. Scientific Mgt. (F. Taylor)
2. Bureaucratic Mgt. (M. Weber)
3. Administrative Mgt. (H. Fayol)
▣ PA’s LOCUS is everywhere
▣ Administrative Principles are important but where they
should be applied is not
▣ FOCUS is favored over LOCUS
 Paradigm 2
▣ Two influential books were written during this
period:
1) Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick “Papers on the
Science of Administration” (1937
-POSDCORB- planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating, reporting and budgeting.
- Principles were important to Gulick and Urwick, but
where those principles were applied was not; focus
was favored over locus, and no bones were made about
it
▣ This led to the emergence of the Scientific
Management of Frederick Taylor which is still
very popular today
▣ Taylor asserts that “there is one best way of
doing things”
 Paradigm 2
▣ 2) William Willoughby “The Principles of
Public Administration” (1927)

- “that certain scientific principles of admin-

istration were "there," that they could be dis-
covered, and that administrators would be
expert in their work if they learned how to
apply these principles”
 THE CHALLENGE (1938-1950)
▣ Separating politics from administration is unrealistic (politics-
adm. dichotomy?) because according to Gaus (1950) “a theory of
public administration means in our time a theory of politics also”.

▣ Administrative principles are contradictory to each other, e.g.,

centralization vs. decentralization, effectiveness vs. efficiency,
etc.
▣ For H. Simon, theere are Two kinds of PA: “pure science of
administration” & “prescribing for public policy”.

▣ Herbert Simon's books “The Proverbs of PA” (1946) and

“Administrative Behavior” (1947) were very popular during this
period.
▣ According to Simon “DECISION MAKING was at the heart of the
managerial processes”
 Paradigm 3: Public Administration as
Political Science
▣ There is continuing domination of Political
Science over Public Administration
▣ Political Science is the mother discipline of PA,
a subfield of political science
▣ PA was treated as a second class discipline
under the political science department
▣ PA faculty were discriminated by political
science department
▣ Many of its leading scholars are political
scientists
▣ Some of its major concerns like accountability,
legitimacy of rules, democratic administration,
effects of policy making, etc. are witihin the
real of political science
 Paradigm 4: Public Administration as
Administrative Science
▣ Administrative Science is an
alternative paradigm vis-à-vis ▣ Differences of public
political science
▣ It provides more a FOCUS rather and business
than a LOCUS because
administration is administration administration are
▣ Application of certain universal
administrative principles is still being emphasized,
recognized
▣ Emergence of organization
e.g., what is public
development as a specialty of
administrative science
and what is
▣ Administrative science cannot
comprehend the supra value of
everything else?
public interest
Paradigm 5: Public Administration as
Public Administration
▣ PA seeks autonomy from political science and
administrative science
▣ PA becomes insecure with Political Science due
to academic discrimination, and with business
administration due to its profit-orientedness
▣ IS PA A SEPARATE FIELD OF STUDY?
 IS PA A SEPARATE A SEPARATE
FIELD OF STUDY?
▣ YES:
▣ It is unique
▣ It is an inter-intra-cross discipline
▣ It is a academic
▣ It is scientific
▣ It is systematic
▣ NO:

▣ It is vocational (skill development)

▣ It is a common sense
▣ It is not academic
▣ It is not scientific
▣ It is not systematic but “scattered thoughts”
IDENTITY CRISIS ISSUE IN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
CAUSES OF THE IDENTITY CRISIS

• Definitional Problems
• Scope & Boundary Disputes
• Politics-Administration Dichotomy
• Science-Art Controversy
• Means-End Controversy
 DEFINITIONAL PROBLEMS
▣ No precise or accurate definition of PA (Caiden)
▣ Contradictory Definitions of PA
⮚ PA is concerned only with policy implementation vs. PA as
concerned with both policy making & policy implementation
▣ Different scholars coming from other social science disciplines
defined PA differently
▣ Is it a requirement for becoming a separate discipline to have a
precise definition of PA?
 POLITICS-ADMINISTRATION
DICHOTOMY
▣ Separation of powers
▣ Check & balance
▣ Political neutrality vs. Filipino Culture
▣ Presidential vs. Parliamentary system
▣ PA relationship w/ BA & Political Science
▣ Is it applicable to Philippine Setting?
▣ Is it necessary to resolve it for PA to become a separate
field of study?
SCOPE & BOUNDARY DISPUTES
Histo
ry

Socio
Law logy

PA
Pol.
BA Sci.

Philo
Psyc
soph
holog
y
y
▣ PA has grown to be an ECLECTIC field, so vast
and interdisciplinary that it has accomodated
knowledge, methodologies and techniques
from other disciplines and organization theory,
Sociology and Anthropolgy, Economics, Law,
Business Administration, Psychology, among
others, including quantitative sciences.”
SCIENCE-ART CONTROVERSY
▣ It is both a science and art.

▣ As a discipline, it is a science, but as ▣ It is an art because PA deals with

a profession, it is an art (Waldo) people, i.e, flexibility in using
style of leadership
▣ Science is concerned with true or
false ▣ It is more of one than the other
▣ Science is concerned with the
application of scientific methods,
i.e., thesis writing
▣ Art is concerned with value
judgment
▣ Value Judgment is concerned with
right or wrong
 MEANS-END CONTROVERSY
▣ PA IS EITHER OR BOTH A ▣ PA as a means or end
MEANS OR AN END
▣ PA is a means towards is related to
development development
▣ PA is an end in itself & it administration
needs to strengthen its
administrative capability
▣ PA must have the minimum
administrative capability in ▣ PA may be similar or
order to become an effective different from
means towards development
development
administration
 RESOLUTION OF THE IDENTITY
CRISIS

▣ Development Administration (1950s to 1960s)

▣ New Public Administration (Late 1960s to
1970s)
▣ New Public Management and Reinventing
Government (1980s to 1990s)
▣ PA as GOVERNANCE (1990S to 2000s)
 EVOLUTION OF THE FIELD OF
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The Discipline of PA can be divided into two major Phases
or Periods:

I. THE TRADITIONAL/CLASSICAL PHASE (From the

1800s to the 1950s)

II. THE MODERN PHASE/PERIOD (From 1950s to the

Present)
 Evolution of PA....
▣ The MODERN PHASE can be further divided into
four periods/phases:

A)DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (From

1950s to 1960s)

B) NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (From the

1950s to the 1960s)
 MODERN PHASE
C) NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT and
REINVENTING GOVERNMENT (From the1980s
to the 1990s)

D) PUBLIC ADMIISTRATION AS
GOVERNANCE (From the 1990s to the present)
 OLD PA VS. NEW PA
▣ THE PARADIGMATIC CHANGE IN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION MAYBE A FUNCTION
OF ITS ENVIRONMENT, THE VALUES
ADVOCATED, THE STRUCTURES
ESTABLISHED AND THE PROCESS
INVOLVED IN THE STUDY AND PRACTICE
OF PA.
▣ Between 1950 and 1970, the ENVIRONMENT
changed from stable, peaceful, orderly and
rational to TURBULENT and DYNAMIC
environment.
▣ The VALUES of Old PA are the 3Es
EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY and
ECONOMY while NEW PA added
RELEVANCE, CLEINT-ORIENTEDNESS and
EQUITY
▣ The STRUCTURES of Old PA is MONOLITHIC or
BUREAUCRATIC while New PA advocated FLEXIBLE
STRUCTURE like PRIVATIZATION, AD-HOC BODIES,
MULTIPLICITY OF ORGANIZATIONS, PROJECT
MANAGEMENT, TASK FORCE, etc.
▣ The PROCESSES OF Old PA are O&M, Public Personnel
Administration and Public Fiscal Administration while
NEW PA values were: DISTRIBUTIVE (Decentralized),
BOUNDARY-EXCHANGE (emphasis on line
functions), SOCIO-EMOTIONAL (Personal rather
than Impartiality), and POLITICS OF LOVE
(administrators assisting policy makers).
 Evolution of PA....
▣ The MODERN PHASE can be further divided into
four periods/phases:

A)DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (From

1950s to 1960s)

B) NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (From the

1950s to the 1960s)
 MODERN PHASE
C) NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT and
REINVENTING GOVERNMENT (From the1980s
to the 1990s)

D) PUBLIC ADMIISTRATION AS
GOVERNANCE (From the 1990s to the present)
 Comparison between theTraditional Approach & New
Public Management
Focus areas Traditional Approach NPM

Delivery system Program/Agency Contingent tools

Organizational structure Hierarchical Network

Normative order Command & control Negotiations &

persuasion
Values Efficiency Effectiveness &
Efficiency
Role of government Paternalistic Empowering

Measurement criterion Conformity to Producing results

procedures
View of citizens Citizens Customers

View of the state Rowing Steering

 Comparison between theTraditional Approach & New
Public Management
Focus areas Traditional Approach NPM

Delivery system Program/Agency Contingent tools

Organizational structure Hierarchical Network

Normative order Command & control Negotiations &

persuasion
Values Efficiency Effectiveness &
Efficiency
Role of government Paternalistic Empowering

Measurement criterion Conformity to Producing results

procedures
View of citizens Citizens Customers

View of the state Rowing Steering

 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
(1950s to 1960s)
• DEFINITIONS

• It refers to developing countries which are largely found in

Asia, Latin America and Africa. (Weidner)
• The deveopment needs of developing and developed countries
are different
• There are two sides of DA, “the development of administration”
and the “administration of development” . (F. Riggs)
• It is public administration as applied in developing countries
• It is concerned with maximizing innovation for development
(Weidner)
• It is a development-oriented type of PA
• It is a planned change in the economy
• It is the process of carrying our development programs
directed towards nation building & socio-economic progress.
• It is also focused on increasing the administrative capability
for development
 DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION
• Development of Administration
✔ It involves the strengthening and
improvement of the administrative capabilities
as a means of achieving development goals
✔ Administration of Development
✔ It is a means of achieving development goals.
 NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

▣ It rejects classical theories in PA and introduced new

principles
▣ PA should not be “neutral”
▣ Instead too much emphasis on effectiveness, efficiency
and economy, PA should be commited to good
management and social equity.
▣ PA should be relevant
▣ It calls for client-oriented administration,non-
bureaucratic structures, participatory decision
making,and decentralized administration.
 NON-BUREAUCRATIC
STRUCTURES
⮚ ⮚
Counter-bureaucratic actions include:
● Decentralization
● Project mgt.
● Private contracts
● Organizational development
● Confrontation
● Client involvement
 NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
▣ It was popularly practised in Europe especially in
Great Britain under the Thatcher Government
▣ It is a transition to the “managerialist” movement with
5 core Beliefs:
1) The road to social progress is high economic
productivity
2) High economic productivity occurs because of
sophisiticated technologies
3) Application of advanced technologies can only be
achieved through a disciplined labor force
4) Management is a distinct and separate organization
function necesary in planning and implementation
5)Managers should be granted with enough “room to
maneuver”
REINVENTING GOVERNMENT
• Entrepreneurial Government
• Mission Oriented
• Client-oriented
• Steering not Rowing Role
• Privatization
• Community Empowerment
• Competitive Government in service delivery
• Anticipatory Government (“prevention rather
than cure”)
• Decentralized Government
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
AS
GOVERNANCE
 PROBLEMS RELATED TO
DEVELOPMENT ADM.
▣ Lack of well-experienced ▣ Poor organization of public
administrators or highly developed
technocrats enterprises, govt.
▣ Lack of modern mgt. techniques departments & other
▣ Poor methods adopted in planning agencies of the govt.
budgeting & policy making
▣ Procedural delays ▣ Existence of traditional
▣ Lack of sufficient discipline & attitudes, customs,
commitment to plan/program inappropriate languages, &
implementation
▣ Poor direction, coordination &
religious beliefs
relationship between the
generalists & the specialists
 DEVELOPMENT: MEANINGS
▣ It is change plus growth in GNP.
▣ It is a change that is ▣ It is composed of three
desirable major elements, areas or
dimensions: economic,
▣ It is a positive change in political & social
the economy ▣ It is defined in terms 3
▣ It is traditionally core values: life
associated with sustenance, self-esteem,
economic development freedom from servitude
▣ It is the capacity to
generate 5-7% increase
OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT
• Increase & widen the • Expand the range of
distribution of life choices among
sustaining goods like individuals by
food, shelter, clothing emancipating them
& health from servitude, and
• Improve the levels of promoting their self-
living through higher esteem
incomes, employment
opportunities, quality
education & health
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF
DEVELOPING NATIONS
▣ Low levels of living ▣ High unemployment &
characterized by low underemployment levels
incomes, inequality, poor ▣ Too much dependence on
health & inadequate agricultural production &
education primary product export
▣ Low levels of productivity ▣ Prevalence of imperfect
▣ High population growth & market & limited
dependency burden information
▣ Dominance, dependence &
vulnerability to int’l.
relations
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS • Foreign Debt Level
• GNP or GDP • Balanced of Payment
• Rate of Savings & • Prices of commodities
investment • Food production level
• Levels of Living • Birth Rate
• Income &
Employment Rate
• Inflation Rate
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS
• Degree of People
participation (elections,
CSOs, etc.)
• Strength of democratic
institutions
• Peace & order Condition
• Crime Rate
• Political strength of the
Traditional elite
• Degree of Adm. efficiency
• Degree of freedom of the
opposition & press
• Degree of natl. integration
• Degree of modernization of
outlook
• Degree of centralization of
political power
• People trust & confidence in
the govt.
• Political strength of the
military
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
▣ Standards of Living
▣ Extent of Literacy
▣ Degree of Social Tension
▣ Degree of Cultural/Ethnic Homogeneity
▣ Quality of Education
▣ Quality of Health Services
▣ Extent of Mortality
 MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
▣ W. Rostows “Take- ▣ OTHER MODELS
Off” ▣ Classical
▣ M. Todaro’s ▣ Neo-classical
“Dominance- ▣ Maoist
Dependency” Theory
▣ Marxist
▣ Hammarskjold
▣ Capitalist
“Towards Another
Development” ▣ Basic Needs
 ROSTOW’S TAKE-OFF
▣ Stage 1: Establishment of the Pre-conditions to
Take-Off (up to 100 yrs.)
▣ Stage 2: Take-Off (20 – 30 yrs.): Interval Period
when the rate of savings & investment increase
▣ Stage 3: Drive to Maturity: Self-Sustaining
Growth
 TODARO’S DOMINANCE
DEPENDENCY THEORY
FOUR MAJOR ELEMENTS 3) This gap between the rich
1) Coexistence of the and poor will not
superior (rich) and the
inferior (poor) in a diminish but
given space at the same continuously increase
time 4) The rich will never allow
2) The co-existence is the poor to become least
continuous and not
merely temporary poorer.
 HAMMARSKJOLD TOWARDS
ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT
FIVE MAJOR ELEMENTS
DEVELOPMENT MUST BE:
1) Focused towards the satisfaction of needs
starting with the elimination of poverty
2) Endogenuous and self-reliant or relying on the
strength of the society which implements it
3) In harmony with the environment which
means that it does not create ecological
problems
4) It requires structural transformation such as
political restructuring
5) Immediate action is necessary
 OTHER MODELS OF
DEVELOPMENT
• CLASSICAL MODEL
1) Economic Growth
2) Savings & investment
3) Free Competition
• NEO-CLASSICAL MODEL
1) Comparative advantage
2) Int’l. division of labor
 3) Less government intervention
• STRUCTURALIST
1) Rejects the comparative advantage
2) State Intervention necessary
3) Development constraints coming from outside
• MAOIST MODEL
1) Material abundance
2) Abolition of income inequality
3) increased capital accumulation
• BASIC NEEDS MODEL
1) Elimination of poverty & unemployment
 2) Use of low-cost and labour intensive methods
• MARXIST MODEL
1) Closed interconnection of socio-economic &
political factors
2) Anti-capitalism
3) Development as historical progression
 CHALLENGES TO POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
▣ Unstable peace and ▣ Shift from presidential
order condition to parliamentary
▣ Very high crime rate system
▣ Culture of corruption ▣ Decentralization
▣ Terrorism ▣ Military control
▣ Lost of public trust &
confidence in the
govt.
Marcos Martial Law Regime (1972-
1986)
▣ Philippine economy began to decline as President
Marcos and other high-level martial law officials
began to enrich themselves through open and
widespread corruption
▣ Marcos failed to take into account the many
symptoms of deep-seated discontent with his
regime's policies like increased foreign travel and
emigration, crime rate increases, flight of capital,
drops in investment, the recent defection of top
business leaders, massive street demonstrations,
and an increase in the number, strength, and
activities of opposition groups, including the
Communist New People's Army and Moro
liberation front
 Martial law….
▣ Marcos is one of the most brilliant political
leaders of the post-World War II era. But
Marcos's beliefthat he could remain in power
until the last desperate moment clearly was not
the reasoning of a rational
person
 CORRUPTION
• DEFINITION OF CORRUPTION:THREE
MAJOR CATEGORIES
A. MARKET-CENTERED ORIENTATIION
⮚ Is concerned with the process of exchange &
the balance of supply & demand
⮚ A corrupt official is just like a businessman
who tends to use his office as a device for
maximizing his own profit.
B. PUBLIC-INTEREST CENTERED
⮚ Defines corruption in terms of its consequences
⮚ It is an act of an office holder which favors one
special section of the public who gives the
reward not legally provided for, thus, resulting
to damage to public interest.
 C. PUBLIC-OFFICE CENTERED
⮚ Defines corruption as an act which violates or
deviates from, the formal rules of public office
because of private gains
⮚ Norms vary from one society to another, hence,
what is corruption may not be corruption in
another.
⮚ It focuses on the formal rules of public office or
legal norms.
 CAUSES OF CORRUPTION
❖ Low morality of both bureaucrats & clients
❖ Inadequate or unrealistic compensation
❖ Inadequate control in areas susceptible to
corruption
❖ Lack of explicit standards of performance for
both employees & organizational units
❖ Poor recruitment & selection procedures for
employees
❖ Too much red tapes in govt. procedures
❖ Strict adherence to what appears to be rules &
regulations
❖ Inability of the organization to provide
adequate services to meet the volume of
demand
❖ Poor working conditions & facilities in public
offices
❖ Lack of information made to the public
❖ Employee dependence on patronage
❖ To maintain good relationship with colleagues
& superiors
❖ Poor organizational leadership which cannot
serve as role model for integrity & discipline
❖ Societal Tolerance of corruption
❖ Incongruency between legal & social norms
❖ Value of particularism that prevails in both
organization & society
❖ Lack of political will to eliminate corruption
 EFEFCTS OF CORRUPTION
❑ It increases administrative
cost or makes delivery of
goods & services
unnecessarily expensive.
❑ It makes administration
difficult because of the
existence of two parallel
types.
❑ Corruption is toxic with
very few exceptions of
advantages.
❑ It results in goal
displacement replacing it
with personal economic
interests
❑ While it results to efficiency
thru speed money, it
deprives those who cannot
afford the cost
❑ It causes big losses in both
govt. incomes &
expenditures.
 HOW WORST IS CORRUPTION IN
THE PHILIPPINES?
▣ World Bank Report ($48 B loss in 20 yrs.)
▣ Asia Development Bank Report (Philippines
second to Bangladesh)
▣ Political & Economic Risk Consultancy Ltd.
(PERC) Philippines second to Indonesia
▣ Morgan Stanley Report ($204 B 1965-2001)
 STRATEGIES FOR FIGHTING
CORRUPTION
▣ LIFE STYLE CHECK
▣ CAPITAL PUNISHMENT (PLUNDER)
▣ EXECUTION
▣ STRONG POLITICAL WILL
▣ CORRUPTION PREVENTION PROJECT
(OMBUDSMAN)
 CHALLENGES TO ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
▣ High incidence of ▣ Frequent imposition
poverty of taxes
▣ High unemployment ▣ High inflation
rate ▣ Low business
▣ Low agricultural confidence
production ▣ Frequent fuel increase
▣ Low savings & ▣ Peso Devaluation
investment ▣ Low salaries/wages
▣ High foreign debt
▣ High population growth
▣ High budgetary deficit
▣ Low revenue collection
▣ Low GNP increase
▣ Feudalistic land tenure
 SPECIAL ISSUES IN PHILIPPINE
POLITICS & ADMINISTRATION
▣ War on Terror ▣ Automated Election
▣ Revenue Raising System
Measures (e.g., VAT) ▣ Politics of change:
▣ Global Economic New Leadership
Crisis
▣ Fight Against Poverty
▣ Debt Crisis
▣ Fight against
▣ Peace Negotiation
with MILF corruption
▣ Charter Change