HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT

ABDUL RAZAK BIN SULAIMAN

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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 GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

 Growth – changes in terms of quantity which can be seen in

terms of increase in size and changes in the structure.

 Development – changes in growth and ability of an

individual as a result of maturity and interaction with the
environment.

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Human development research is a part of
psychology.

Human development or Developmental
Psychology is a scientific study regarding
progressive psychological changes that occurs
to human being as their age increases.

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In the beginning, the study is focused on the
development of infants and children.

 Nowadays it involves the study on the

development of teenagers, adults, elderly and
the whole lifetime.

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 There are several broad views regarding
human development.
 One of the theories is ‘STAGE THEORY’
suggests that there is sequence in the levels
of development: that is the process where an
individual will be going through it to achieve
the levels of adulthood.

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 These theories include ' Piaget’s cognitive
stage of development theory ' and '
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
theory’.
 Sigmund Freud’s ‘Psychosexual stage of
development theory
 Erik Erikson’s ‘Stages of psychososial
theory’.

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Besides the ‘stage theory', there is another
theory that have been raised by Albert Bandura
called SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY.

It is very different from the stage theory because

it was the result of cumulative learning
experience not by stages as the stage theory
suggested.

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There are 2 factors that become a debate
among psychologists.
Which factor influenced the most in
psychological development:
a) Internal factors (innateness)
b) External factors (environmental factors)

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This scenario is called ' nature versus
nurture ' or ' nativism versus empiricism '.
 Researchers who favoured the internal
factors in the development process are
specifying the role of gene of an organism
influencing the psychological development.
Whereas researchers who favoured the
external factors said the process of
development is acquired through interactions
with the environment.

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However psychologists nowadays rarely
take extreme decisions against the 2 factors.

Nowadays psychologists are more interested

in studying human development as well as
the relationship between these two factors.

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 " Sesungguhnya Tuhan (Allah) tidak mengubah keadaan sesuatu
kaum (hambanya) sehingga mereka mengubah keadaan (sebab-
sebab kemunduran) yang ada pada diri mereka sendiri "

ar Rad : 11

mohdasrulsaad 03/21/21
 Maksud sabda Rasulullah SAW :

" seseorang itu menurut agama(jalan) temannya,maka

oleh sebab itu hendaklah kamu semua meneliti orang yang
digaulinya "

HR : Abu Daud & Tirmizi

mohdasrulsaad 03/21/21
 Hadits shohih bukhari no. 1296
‫سلَ َمةَ ْب ِن‬ َ ‫ي عَنْ أَبِي‬ ُّ ْ‫ب عَن‬
ِّ ‫الز ْه ِر‬ ٍ ‫َح َّدثَنَا آ َد ُم َح َّدثَنَا ا ْبنُ أَبِي ِذ ْئ‬
‫ض َي هَّللا ُ َع ْنهُ قَا َل قَا َل النَّبِ ُّي‬ ِ ‫َع ْب ِد ال َّر ْح َم ِن عَنْ أَبِي ُه َر ْي َرةَ َر‬
ُ‫ط َر ِة فَأَبَ َواه‬ْ ِ‫سلَّ َم ُك ُّل َم ْولُو ٍد يُولَ ُد َعلَى ا ْلف‬ َ ‫صلَّى هَّللا ُ َعلَ ْي ِه َو‬ َ
َ ‫ص َرانِ ِه أَ ْو يُ َم ِّج‬
َ‫سانِ ِه َك َمثَ ِل ا ْلبَ ِهي َم ِة تُ ْنت َُج ا ْلبَ ِهي َمة‬ ِّ َ‫يُ َه ِّو َدانِ ِه أَ ْو يُن‬
‫َه ْل تَ َرى فِي َها َج ْد َعا َء‬
Telah menceritakan kepada kami Adam
telah menceritakan kepada kami Ibnu
Abu Dza'bi dari Az Zuhriy dari Abu
Salamah bin 'Abdurrahman dari Abu
Hurairah radliallahu 'anhu berkata; Nabi
Shallallahu'alaihiwasallam bersabda:
"Setiap anak dilahirkan dalam keadaan
fithrah. Kemudian kedua orang
tuanyalah yang akan menjadikan anak
itu menjadi Yahudi, Nashrani atau
Majusi sebagaimana binatang ternak
yang melahirkan binatang ternak
dengan sempurna. Apakah kalian
melihat ada cacat padanya?"[1]
mohdasrulsaad 03/21/21
mohdasrulsaad 03/21/21
PRENATAL

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 There are 3 stages in the prenatal
development :
a) Germinal (conception up to the age of 2
weeks)
b) Embryonic (weeks to 3 to 8)
c) Fetal (week 9 to birth)

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 During 9 months of the pre-natal
development , zygote are formed and will
be born into the world as human beings
(babies).
 There are series of critical time span
occurred with the changes of the body
structures.
 Failure in the development of these stages
will effect the future formation and
development of the fetus.

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BABY / INFANT

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 After birth until the ability to speak.- baby
or infant.
Some environmental factors play important
role in the infant development.
For example a baby who gets less
stimulation and love can lead to retardation
and lack of common sense in terms of their
development.

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Infants seem to grow and develop fast
according to their time frame.
Infants stage is the preparation and
foundation of growth and development for
the next levels.

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CHILDHOOD

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Childhood is a happiest time in one’s lifetime.

It is also the starting time to obtain other

forms of early knowledge and experience .
Usually childhood time is the time when a
child starts to go to school and the time to
learn early forms of socialization.

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ADOLESENCE

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Adolescence is the transition stage after
childhood and it is succeeded by adulthood.
It is the time where physical growth and
development is very different from childhood
time.
It is also a social age where they will be
expected to show adult behavior and sometimes
will be given the responsibilities as an adult.

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Adolescence stage will be characterized by
the question of "Who am I? What I want to
be? "
 Many teens explore, test their limits, want
to be autonomous and want to determine the
true him.
Role confusion and inability to make choices
is the effect of the failure to define identity
during adolescence.

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ADULTHOOD

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Adulthood stage is the time to show
adulthood criteria that have been passed
through past learnings and experiences.

It is also the time to show new changes in

behavior when the person is mature and
increased in age

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Adulthood stage is the time to build
friendships or intimate relationship (love,
romance, marriage)
The success of the relationship will depend
on the success of current developments in the
previous levels.
It is difficult to establish intimacy if a sense
of trust and identity has not yet developed in
an individual.

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ELDERLY

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Elderly means the start of feeling lacking in
terms of the ability and physical thought .
Problems of incapabilities are shown with
manifestation of dementia (senile) and other
physical illnesses.
 It has a number of reasons, although it is
part of the elderly process.

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