STUDY GUIDE

Prepared by:
JONALD DE LOS SANTOS TRAQUIÑA
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY - POLILLO CAMPUS
DEAR FUTURE LPT,

I am happy to share with you my self-made presentation and review materials for
your benefit.
As you continue your dream of becoming a licensed professional teacher, I would like
to inform you that the presentation which I’ve made will just serve as your guide to understand
the concepts that you need to master before taking the licensure examination. This can help you
master the essential topics and concepts of professional education. The topics are very broad
that’s why you have to research and provide supplementary idea for each concept.
With the help of this study guide, you can develop your understanding of the most
essential concepts so you can clearly understand each point. This will enable you to master the
concepts that you need to learn so you can formulate accurate judgment when answering
questions.
Enjoy this study guide!

JONALD DE LOS SANTOS TRAQUIÑA

JANUARY 2022 LET TOPNOTCHER
These are the topics and concepts that you need to master before taking
the Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers:

CONTENTS

 The Meaning of a Child based on R.A. 7610

 The Difference between Childhood and Adolescence
 The Meaning of Child Development and Stability
 The Difference between Growth, Maturation and Learning
 The Principles of Human Development
 The Stages of Human Development
 The Stages of Play
 The Brain
 The Personality Development by Sigmund Freud
 The Psychosocial Theory by Erik Erikson
 The Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget
 The Moral Development Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg
These are the topics and concepts that you need to master before taking
the Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers:

CONTENTS

 The Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman

 The Language Acquisition Device by Noam Chomsky
 The Four Parenting Styles by Diana Baumrind
 The Learning Disabilities
 The Difference between Impairment, Disability, Handicap
 The Types of Learning Disabilities
Definition of children based on R.A. 7610
Study the definition of a child over 18 but are
unable to take care
BELOW 18 of themselves

Image Source: https://www.vector.stock.com/royalty-free-vector/disability/-people-cartoon-sick-and-

Image Source: https://freepngimg.com/png/163688-kids-reading-free-download-image disabled-vector-21144943
Study the difference between childhood and adolescence stage

CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENCE
time for a boy or girl until childhood to adulthood
s/he reaches adulthood beginning of puberty to age
period of infancy to puberty of maturity
Study the meaning of child development and stability

CHILD DEVELOPMENT STABILITY

the process of change constancy of persistence of
and stability behavior personality

DEVELOPMENT
includes growth and decline
it can be positive or negative
involves increase of complexity and skill progression
Study the difference between growth, maturation and learning

GROWTH HEIGHT & WEIGHT

QUATIFIABLE amount of
CHANGE IN BODY DIMENSION

MATURATION
LEARNING
change in behavior
change that comes with age
GROWING OLDER
Study the principles of human development

Principles of Human Development

1. A learner should be considered as a living
human being.
2. Development is unique to every individual.
3 Elements: (1) Growth, (2) Structural Differences, (3) Alteration in form

3. No two living things are exactly the same.

 4. Development is relatively in order.

PROXIMODISTAL
-tendency for more general functions
of limbs to develop before more
specific or fine motor skills
Study the difference between proximodistal and cephalocaudal

CEPHALOCAUDAL
-means head to toe
-general pattern of development
seen in the earliest years of post
Image Source: https://www.slideshare.net/vijay143manoj/principles-of-growth-and-development-
natal 64896340
5. Children grow in the same pattern.
*a very rapid growth (first 7 y/o)
*slowing in the middle (early – late childhood)
*rapid change (puberty)

6. Learners respond differently to academic stimuli.

Issues on Human Development
2.1 Nature vs. Nurture
2.2 Continuity vs. Discontinuity
2.3 Stability vs. Change
Study the difference between nature and nurture
genetics and hereditary factors, physical
appearance and personality characteristics

NATURE
vs

NURTURE
environmental factors, child experiences and
social relationships
Study the difference between continuity and discontinuity

a continuous process of being around others

and learning from them

CONTINUITY
vs

DISCONTINUITY
development occurs in distinct stages, attitude
changes as we move through the lifespan
Study the difference between stability and change
belief that personality developed in the first 5
years predict adult personality

STABILITY
vs

CHANGE
personalities are modified through interaction
with family and experiences at environment
Study the stages of human development

STAGES OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
 Stages of Human Development

Pre-natal -conception to birth

Infancy/Babyhood -birth to 2 years old

Early Childhood -2 to 6 years old

Late Childhood -6 to 12 years old

Adolescence -12 to 18 years old

IMPORTANT PART
of development process

THE PRE-NATAL STAGE

occurs in
THREE MAIN STAGES
Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073
FIRST 2 WEEKS
after conception

1
GERMINAL STAGE
FIRST STAGE OF PRE-NATAL
first and shortest stage of
human lifespan
 Zygotes divide from Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/ddusangg/
process of mitosis two, four or etc.
FERTILIZATION EXODERM
Integumentary and
Nervous
MESODERM
Muscle and skeletal
ENDODERM
blastocysts Digestive and
Respiratory
outer cell - placenta
CONCEPTION
Male sperm and female
egg cell unite inner cell - embryo

Image Source:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_%28Wakim_and_
Grewal%29/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A_Germinal_Stage

implantation
 plays an important role in
DEVELOPMENT
of the BRAIN
2
EMBROYONIC STAGE
SECOND STAGE OF PRE-NATAL
2 to 8 WEEKS
 layers develop into
ORGANS APPEAR ORGAN SYSTEMS
can determine the heart,
and brain
Image Source: U3d/Shuttersrock.com
4 weeks after
THE NEURAL TUBEforms…
By the end of the
HINDBRAIN embryonic stage,
the basic structure
MIDBRAIN of the brain and this will later develop into the
FOREBRAIN
central nervous
system have been
established,
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
including the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD
peripheral
nervous system is
also defined.
Around the 4 weeks…
By the end of 8 weeks… the HEAD begins to form, quickly
the embryo has all of the basic organs and followed by the eyes, nose, ears,
parts except of those of the sex organs and mouth
 MARKS MORE IMPORTANT
CHANGES in the
BRAIN
3
FETAL STAGE
THIRD STAGE OF PRE-NATAL
9 weeks to Birth
marks by amazing change
and growth
 GENITAL APPEARS
all parts of the body
will be formed,
three ounces
END OF THE 1ST TRIMESTER

finger nails,
toe nails, eyes,
and skin grasping
develop reflex and
heartbeats grow irregular
stronger, prenatal movement
reflexes 2nd TRIMESTER
THE BRAIN AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BECOME
MORE RESONSIVE lungs begin to
expand and
contract,
fetus prepare preparing the
for life outside muscles for
the brain the womb
matures breathing
faster
6 inches, 8 pounds,
organs complete Image Source: https://www.blendspace.com
Study the difference between pruning and plasticity

PRUNING PLASTICITY
degradation of synapses and
brain’s ability to change from
dying off neurons that are not
experience
strengthened by experience
considered as the
FORMATIVE YEARS OF
DEVELOPMENT

THE INFANCY/BABYHOOD
BIRTH TO 2 YEARS OLD
the period between birth and the
ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE
At birth, infants display a set of HUMAN MILK
HUMAN PRIMITIVE ideal food for infant
REFLEXES by four months, baby can
• Sucking GRASP an object
TODDLER
• Rooting 12 – 14 months, can
• Gripping
• Curling walk unaided
• Startle/Moro infant’s understanding and mastery of the
• Galant physical world begins with
•
REFLEX MOVEMENTS
Tonic
establishment of enduring
emotional bonds with parents or
caregivers RECIPROCAL INTERACTIONS
relationship between child and parent that the child learns to
love, trust, and depend on other human beings
Image Source: https://www.google.com/amp/s/pediaa.com/difference-between-ontogeny-and-phylogeny/amp
THE LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT

1 COOLING 2 MONTHS
babies begin to make vowel sounds (a,e,i,o,u)

2 BABBLING 6 MONTHS
add consonant sounds to vowel sounds (am, ummm)

3 HOLOPHRASE 1 YEAR
one word utterance (mama)

4 TELEGRAPHIC 1 YEAR & 6 MONTHS

two words utterance (mama, eat)
consider as the
PRE-SCHOOL AGE
PERIOD OF GREATEST MENTAL DEVELOPMENT

THE EARLY CHILDHOOD

2 to 6 YEARS OLD
initial
SOCIALIZATION EXPERIENCE
characterized by
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
jumping, hopping, and skipping
major increase in vocabulary and
USE OF LANGUAGE
abstract representation of transductive raising
MENTAL CONSTRUCT
EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
a processes involved in change from immature to
mature status and functioning
consider as the
SCHOOL AGE

THE LATE CHILDHOOD

7 to the
12 YEARS
age of conformity
OLD
the
HABIT FORMATION STAGE
MUSCLE COORDINATION
is well-developed, and children can engage in
physical activities that require complex
motor sensory coordination

MOTOR PATTERNS
become more refined and the balance
mechanism in the inner ear gradually
children GROW more matures
SLOWLY
consider as the
PROBLEM AGE

THE ADOLESCENCE
12 toperiod
18ofYEARS
change
OLD
the PUBERTY STAGE
 transition period between childhood to adulthood where
RAPID PHYSICAL CHANGES
and SEXUAL MATURATION
occur resulting in changes in ways of feeling, thinking, and acting
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
A. INFANCY & EARLY CHILDHOOD (0 to 5 years old)
*walk *talk *take solid food

B. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (6 to12 years old)

*get along with age-mates *fundamental skills in learning
*sex roles

C. ADOLESCENCE (13 to 18 years old)

*mature relations with both sexes and emotional independence
*values to guide behavior
*accepting one’s body
*preparing for economic career
Study the stages of play

STAGES OF PLAY
 important vehicle for developing self
regulations as well as for promoting language
cognition and social competence.
*main agency of pre-school age/years
 direct attention to anything that is
interesting

playing alone

watching others play but not play

with them
plays beside someone but not with
them
plays with others but no task
assignment

play with others, bound with rules

and roles
Image Source: https://pathways.org/kids-learn-play-6-stages-play-development/
Study the basic information about the brain

THE BRAIN
one of the largest and most
complex organ of the body
 Major Parts of the Brain

Image Source: https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/name-the-three-main-parts-of-human-brain

Lobes of the Brain
FRONTAL LOBE
intelligence, planning,
PARIETAL LOBE
body position, penmanship
judgment, decision
making
OCCIPITAL LOBE
visual processing

TEMPORAL LOBE
memory, hearing

Image Source: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/248542473170930873/

 THE CEREBRUM
the largest part of the brain and is composed of
right and left hemisphere

Image Source: https://www.lucidmindcenter.com/right-brain-left-brain-test/ Image Source: https://www.lefthandersday.com/tour/being-left-handed

Study the different theories on Child and Adolescent Development

THE THEORIES ON CHILD

AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
Study the personality development theories

THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

SIGMUND FREUD
THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
first introduced the concept of id,
ego, and superego

ID pleasure, basic instinct, immediate gratification

“I want to do that now!”

EGO
reality, deciding agent
“Maybe we can compromise”

SUPEREGO moral conscience, the right or wrong

“It is not right to do that”
 THE ICEBERG
METAPHOR

Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/776026579537314277/

THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
SIGMUND FREUD
THE PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
Stage 1: ORAL STAGE
Stage 2: ANAL STAGE
Stage 3: PHALLIC STAGE
Stage 4: LATENT STAGE
Stage 5: GENITAL STAGE
 THE PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
Infant achieves
gratification
through oral children learn to learns to deal
activities respond to some of maturely
the demands of the with opposite
society sex

children learn sexual urges

to realize the are relatively
difference quiet, play
between male with children
and female and of same sex
become aware
of sexuality
Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/freuds-stages-of-psychosexual-development-2795962
THE ISSUES ON PYSCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
occurs when an issue or conflict in a psychosexual stage
FIXATION remains unresolved, leaving the individual to focus this
stage and unable to move onto the next
oral needs of the child are either met,
ORAL FIXATION overstimulated, or unmet
focus on controlling bowel movements, fixation
ANAL FIXATION can lead to
PHALLIC FIXATION
focuses on identifying same-sex parent, fixation could lead to overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually
aggressive. In this stage, the ff. must be resolved…

OEDIPUS COMPLEX a boy competing with his father for

his mother’s attention and obsession

ELECTRA COMPLEX a girl competing with her mother for

her father’s attention and obsession
Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-fixation-2795188
Study the Psychosocial Theory

THE PYSCHOSOCIAL THEORY

ERIK HAMBURGER ERIKSONS
incorporated social and cultural aspects
there are psychosocial crises that
affect the child development
 INFANCY

TODDLER

PRE-SCHOOL

SCHOOL AGE

ADOLESCENCE

YOUNG ADULT

MIDDLE ADULT

LATE ADULT
Image Source: https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/erikson-stages/
Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages -of-psychosocial-development-2795740
Study the Cognitive Development Theory

THE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

JEAN PIAGET
a progressive reorganization of mental process as a result of
biological maturation and environmental experience
 a progressive of

The as a result of
BIOLOGICAL
and MATURATION
ENVIROMENTAL EXPERIENCE

Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/576249714792150210/

 OBJECT PERMANENCE
-a belief that things 0 – 2 years
old
continue to exist even if
they’re already gone or
cannot be seen

Image Source: www.gmc.shahdol.org

Image Source: www.gmc.shahdol.org
 Animism
-giving life to inanimate
object Irreversibility
incapable of being changed

Centration
-focusing on one salient
aspect of the situation
neglecting the other
Symbolism 2 – 7 years
old
*children are egocentric and pretentious
*language is prominent
*children can easily be fooled by appearance
Image Source: www.gmc.shahdol.org
 think CONRETELY, LOGICALLY and DEDUCTIVELY
REVERSIBILITY characterized by
some things that have been
changed can be returned to CONSERVATION PRINCIPLE
knowing that a quantity doesn’t change if it’s
original state been altered, properties of objects such as

7 – 11 years old mass, volume, and number remain the same,

despite changes in the form of objects

SERIATION
ability to put things in order
based on quantity

Image Source: https://verywellmind.com

think inductively, logically, abstractly, and
scientifically
can think in
ABSTRACT MANNER
12 to adulthood by manipulating ideas in their
head, without any dependence
on concrete manipulation
develop the capacity for abstract and
SYSTEMATIC THINKING
come up with new rules through INTERNAL
REFLECTION, start with
HYPOTHESIS
that might affect an outcome
 SCHEMA
the way you see the world
EQUILIBRATION cognitive balancing of new information
and old knowledge

ASSIMILATION
keeps the information and add to what
already exist in the mind

ACCOMODATION
modify what we already know so new
information can fit in better

Image Source: https://youtu.be/EYbCE1udazw

Study the Moral Development Theory

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning
The Punishment & Reward

Good boy or Good girl

Law and Order

Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/kohlbergs-theory-of-moral-development-2795071

Study the Emotional Intelligence

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Daniel Goleman
Grandfather of EQ
affords the individual to monitor own and others’ emotion
Image Source: https://management30.com/develop-competence/emotional-intelligence/
RECOGNITION SELF SOCIAL
SELF AWARENESS
Who am I?
-recognize your emotions and how they SOCIAL AWARENESS
affect your thoughts and emotion -can understand the emotions
 Emotional Awareness  Empathy
 Accurate Self-awareness  Organization awareness
 Self-confidence  Service orientation

SELF-MANAGEMENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

REGULATION

-control impulsive feelings and behaviors -know how to develop and maintain good
What I do?

 Emotional self-control relationship

 Transparency  Influence/developing others
 Adaptablity  Team work/collaboration
 Achievement orientation  Conflict management
 Initiative/optimism  Inspirational leadership
Study the Language Acquisition Device
a postulated organ of the brain that is supposed to function
as a congenital device for learning symbolic language
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE
The little black box
NOAM CHOMSKY
Father of Modern Linguistic
human are biologically preconfigured to be
ready to learn language

CHILDREN CAN ACQUIRE LANGUAGE NATURALLY

Study the Four Parenting Styles

THE FOUR PARENTING STYLES

DIANA BAUMRIND
Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/762515780648491897
Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/762515780648491897
Image Source: https://holisticbrainbalance.wordpress.com/2018/02/17/parenting-style-quadrants-baumrind/amp/
Study the different learning disabilities

LEARNING DISABILITIES
DISABILITY is the umbrella term for
impairments, activity limitations and
participation restriction
IMPAIRMENT
any loss or abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomical structure or function

DISABILITY
any restriction or lack of ability to perform an
activity in the manner considered normal for
human being

HANDICAP
a disadvantage, resulting from impairment or a
disability, which prevents the fulfilment of a role
that is considered normal
Image Source: https://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/children-with-disabilities
Types of Learning Disabilities

DYSLEXIA LANGUAGE
DYSCALCULIA
DYSGRAPHIA -disability that PROCESSING
-inability to
-handwriting inability affects reading and DISORDER
understand numbers
and fine motor skills related language- -difficulty attaching
and learn math
based processing skills meaning to the word

NON-VERBAL VISUAL MOTOR

ADHD DYSPRAXIA
LEARNING DEFICIT
-disability staying -difficulty in muscle
DISABILITIES -affects the
focused and paying control
-has trouble understanding of
attention, difficulty -problems with
interpreting non information that a
controlling behavior movement
verbal cues person sees
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All things, whatsoever you
ask in prayer, believe that
you have received it and; it
will be yours.
Mark 11:24
“Pray and believe! Prayer and effort should act in
harmony. If you work hard to achieve your goal
and find heart to pray, God will find answers to
your prayers.”