CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK
&
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
 FRAMEWORK

- Described as the abstract , logical

structure of meaning that guide the
development of the study.

- Can be derived from related

concepts or existing theories.
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
• This consist of concepts that are
placed within a logical and sequential
design.

• Represents less formal structure

• Purpose:
• To clarify concepts and propose
relationships among the concepts in
a study
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
• Consists of theories that seems to be
interrelated.

• If a relationships is found between

two or more variables, a theory should
be formulated to explain why the
relationship exists.

• Purpose:
• To tests theories
 MODELS

- A symbolic representation that helps

the researcher to express abstract
concepts and relationships easily
using minimal words.
EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTUAL FRMAEWORK
 Table
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

• Family related Factors Student’s choice in their courses in

college
• Economic Factors
• Business and Management Studies
• Exposure to Elective Subjects • Computer Science
• Criminology
• Peer related Factors • Dentistry
• Education
• Engineering
• Law

Figure 1:
Showing the variables affecting the student’s course choices

The Figure 1 illustrated above shows the factor that affects

student’s course preference and possible career choice. These
factors can influence a child’s career preference in different ways…
Overlapping domain

Genetic Factor

Environmental
Individual Factors
Factors
(Age, Sex, Bathing
(Pollution,
Habits)
temperature)
Ecological Model

Societal
Community
Relationship
Individual
 IPO Process

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FACILITIES
TEACHER STYLE AND
TECHNIQUE Student:
CHARACTERISITCS OF:
Students
Administrator Style Achievement
(prior learning)
and Technique Attitudes
Teachers Behavior
Program Operation
(past experience)
EXAMPLES THEORETICAL FRMAEWORK
 CAREER THEORY

Holland’s Theory Bandura’s Theory Parson’s Theory Durie’s Theory

One should Parent’s
Careers are
What others have rational beliefs,
determined by
do, influence judgement expectations,
our interaction
the career we about the or opinions
between
choose deegree of can have a
personality
stability within major impact
and
the job/labor on the career
environment
market choices
Figure 2:
Illustrates the Theories of Career Selection

The illustration above showcase theories from different authors

compiled together as individual factors affecting course selection
among students…
SYNTHESIS OF THE
STUDY
• Brief summary of the literature and
its implications.

•Purpose:
• To draw conclusions about the
findings in the literature so that you
can identify how literature addresses
your research questions.

• Critically evaluate and interpret

HYPOTHESIS
• Often defined as an educated guess.

• Only with a thorough review of the

literature and understanding of the
topic will you be able to formulate the
appropriate hypothesis.
 NULL HYPOTHESIS

- It usually predicts that there is no

relationship between the variables.
- Null hypothesis is written as “H “
- You are required to state the null
hypothesis
 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

- It usually states that there is a

relationship between the variables.
- Null hypothesis is written
A as “H “
EXAMPLE:

H0 : Civil society organization

consultation has no influence in
reducing income inequality

HA : Civil society organization

consultation has a significant influence
in reducing income inequality
SAMPLING
• Identifying:
• What data to get?
• From whom you will get it?
• How to get it?
• Data gathering from the entire
population is not only impractical, it is
often difficult or impossible to achieve.
• Sample is the group you want to
generalize.
  PROBABILITY SAMPLING

- The subjects of the population get

an equal opportunity to be selected
as representative sample.

- There are four types of probability

sampling:
 1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

- Each element of the population has

an equal chance of being selected.

- A list of all numbers which may be

computer-generated

=RANDBETWEEN() function in
Microsoft excel
 2. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

- A list of all the elements in the

population is also prepared but
instead of using random numbers
table to draw the sample, a
sampling interval is used.

K=N/n (Population size/sample size)

 3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

- Organizing the population into

homogenous subsets or grouping the
elements in the population
according to shared characteristics.
EXAMPLE:
In a school of 300 students, 150 in grade
school, 100 in middle school, and the rest
are in senior high school. We want to
survey 120 students.
GRADE FREQUENCY SAMPLE
G.S 150 60 Fx S/ P=N
M.S 100 40
S.H.S 50 20
Total 120
 4. CLUSTERED RANDOM SAMPLING

- Is a multistage sampling method

- This involves the repetition of two

sampling steps: listing and
sampling.
EXAMPLE:
Your primary sampling unit is the religious
sects of a particular community. The list of
religious sect is compiled and then sampled
through stratified sampling. Then you
come up with the list of the members per
sample. Your secondary sampling unit, the
list of the members per religious sect, is
also sampled using the above discussed
sampling frames.
  NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

- Follows a sample selection based on

your subjective judgment.

- There are four types of

nonprobability sampling:
 1. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

- Is guided by your main purpose or

reason for conducting the study.
Thus, you select the elements you
think are useful for your study.

- Also called subjective sampling

 2. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

- Elements selected through this

sampling are those easily accessible
to you.

- A familiar example is quick polling

 3. SNOWBALL SAMPLING

- The data is collected from a few

known members of the target
population. These known members
will then be asked to provide
information that will help locate
other members of the desired
population.
 4. QUOTA SAMPLING

- Often likened to proportionate or

stratified sampling.