OBSTACLES IN

CHAINING
DANISH KHAKI
OBSTACLES IN CHAINING
 Obstacles to chaining prevent chainman from measuring directly between
two points and give rise to a set of problems in which distances are found by
indirect measurements.
 OBSTACLES IN CHAINING
(a) Obstacles to ranging

(b) Obstacles to chaining

(c) Obstacles to both chaining and ranging.

 (a) Obstacles to ranging

 This type of obstacle, in which the ends are not inter-visible, is quite common
except country

Case-1: Both ends of the line may Case-2: Both ends of the line may not
be visible from intermediate points be visible from intermediate points on
on the line. the line
 (b) Obstacles to chaining

Case-1: When it is possible to Case-2: When it is not possible to

chain round the obstacle, i.e. a chain round the obstacle e.g. river
pond,
Case-1: When it is possible to chain round the obstacle, i.e. a pond

i) Erect perpendiculars at A and B of equal length using

optical square.
CD = AB

ii) Using optical square, set a right angle of sufficient length to

get C. Measure CB.
AB = √(BC² - AC²).
Cross Staff
 iii) Similar method with right angle at C.
AB = √(AC²+ BC²)

iv) Select point C such that A and B are visible. Range AC and
make CD = AC. Range BC and make CE = BC.
Measured ED which is equal to AB.
  Select two points C and D to both sides of A and in the same
v)
line.
Measure AC, AD, BC and BD
Let angle BCD be equal to α
From triangle BCD,

Similarly triangle BCA,

Concept of similar triangles

  𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
= =
𝐷𝐶 𝐵𝐸 𝐷𝐸
Case-2: When it is not possible to chain round the obstacle e.g. river

• Erect a perpendicular AC at A and choose any convenient

point C.
• With the help of an optical square, fix a point D on the chain
line in such a way that
• BCD is a right angle.
• Measure AC and AD.
• Triangles ABC and DAC are similar.
Calculate AB = AC x AC/AD.
Erect perpendicular to AB at A to get C at convenient distance.
Bisect AC at D.
Range EDB to get E.
AB is then equal to CE.
• Fix point C in such a way that it subtends 90° with AB.
• Range D in line with AC and make AD= A C.
• At D, erect a perpendicular DE to cut the line in E.
• Then AB = AE.
 • Select point B on one side and A and C on the other side.
• Erect AD and CE as perpendiculars to AB and range B. D
and E in one line.
• Measure AC, AD and CE .
• If a line DF is drawn parallel to AB, cutting CE in F
perpendicularly, then triangles ABD and FDE will be similar
• Therefore
• But FE = CE – CF = CE – AD and DF = AC
• Therefore
When the chain line crosses the river obliquely, make a line
DAC such that CB and DE are perpendicular to this line. Point
E is so chosen that EAB is in line. AE = AB
(c) Obstacles to both chaining and ranging.

Choose two points A and C to one side and erect perpendiculars

CD and AE of equal length. Join DE and prolong it past the
obstacle.
Choose two points B and F on DE and erect perpendiculars BG
and FH equal to that of AE (or DC).
Join GH and prolong it. Measure EB.
Evidently, AG=EB
Select DA along the chain line. Erect perpendicular at A making
AC = AD. Extend the line DC to E. From E, range a line EF
making EF = DE. Make FG = DC. From F and G, swing arcs
equal in length to DC and get point H. HF is the continuation of
the chain line and CG = AB

Set equilateral triangle CAD. Range CD and extend it to E.

Make EFG an equilateral triangle equal in size to CDA. Range
EG and extend it to H such that CE = EH. Set an equilateral
triangle HBJ equal in size to the previous triangles. ECH is also
an equilateral triangle.
BC =AD- AB- CD
AB = CE – AC – BH.