Cells

Anatomy & Physiology

Mackenzie, at 4 years old, was
diagnosed with pneumonia. Her
parents were worried, it seemed
that Mackenzie was always sick.
She always had a runny nose and
had frequent ear infections. The
diagnosis of pneumonia also
revealed something else -
Mackenzie had a condition known
as situs inversus.

1. What do you think situs

inversus is?

2. How might Mackenzie’s

condition be related to cell
This mini case is based on a real person (
disfunction? Source), images are stock images from
morguefile.com
Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE

Depends on what they do

Cytology = the study of cells

All Animal Cells have 3 main parts

●Nucleus
●Cytoplasm (cytosol)
●Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane is
selectively
permeable
Lipid bilayer (phospholipids) make up the membrane with
proteins embedded to help regulate what comes across
the membrane
Given Mackenzie’s history of illness, sniffles, and ear infections,
doctors wanted to rule out cystic fibrosis. A simple “sweat test”
is used to diagnose CF.

Examine the image.

Why is CF considered
a disorder related to
the cell membrane.

Could CF have caused

Mackenzie’s
symptoms?

The sweat test showed that Mackenzie did not have extra chloride in
her sweat. Does this mean that she does not have CF? Could
there be another cause for Mackenzie’s frequent infections?
The cytoplasm (cytosol) is the area between the
nucleus and the membrane.

Many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur in this

area.

Do you remember
what metabolism is?
ORGANELLES-  "little organs" within
the cell that perform specific functions
The nucleus is to the cell what the __________is to a person.

The cell membrane is to a cell what the ________ is to a

person.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Transport system; canals and channels that connect
membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell

Function = transport system

Smooth ER (lipid synthesis)
Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)
Golgi Apparatus
Flattened membranes;
Function = package and delivery of proteins produced
by the ribosomes
Proteins are exported in vesicles
Mitochondria ( The “powerhouse” of the cell )
Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable
form (ATP) -- process is called Cellular Respiration

What does respiration have to

do with metabolism?
Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down
substances (“suicide sac”)

Enzymes break down

substances in the cell,
such as food or worn out
cell parts, even bacteria.

Remember the video on

how beans become farts?

What is the enzyme in this image

and how do you know?

What organ is your body is most

like the lysosome?
Centrosome – two cylinders, centrioles, that sit
perpendicular

During cell division, the centrioles separate and

form a spindle.

The spindle moves

chromosomes
during cell division
so that each new
cell gets the proper
number.
CYTOSKELETON

made of microfilaments and microtubules which

maintain shape and functions in movement

Cilia & Flagella

Doctors wanted to test Mackenzie for a disorder
called “PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA”
This disorder causes cells to not create normal cilia.

Cells scraped from the

sinuses showed an
irregularity in Mackenzie’s
cilia.

What is different about

this cilia?

Why would problems with cilia cause

pneumonia, ear infections, and a
constant runny nose?
NUCLEUS - (the “brain” of the cell)

Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell)

Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin
Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Has tiny pores in the nuclear membrane is where RNA can
exit the nucleus
Mackenzie can live with PCD, but she will
always have a cough and deal with lung
and ear infections.

What about the situs inversus?

Doctors have warned her parents

that when she gets older, she may
have trouble conceiving a child and
is at risk for an ECTOPIC
pregnancy.

What role does cilia play in

reproduction?
 About Situs Inversus
It has been indicated that Situs effects .01% of the human population.  It is also
been calculated that 1 in 10,000 people have this anomaly.  Therefore, if the
human population totals 8 billion, there are 800,000 people who have Situs
Inversus Totalis.
- See more at: http://www.marlafoundation.org/#sthash.Sa4tGqp1.dpuf
It is believed that the motion of cilia may play a part in
determining the placement of organs within the thoracic and
abdominal cavities. In the absence of ciliary motion, organ
placement becomes a random event, giving each affected
embryo a 50/50 chance of having typical or atypical
placement.
More analogies

1. What part of the cell is most like the stomach?

2. What part of the cell is most like your circulatory system?

3. What part of the cell is most like your brain?

4. What part of the cell is most like your bones?

5. What part of the cell is most like your skin?

Super Difficult Bonus Question

Which part of the cell do you think is the most responsible for
maintaining homeostasis?
Cells - Part 2
Movement of Substances Across the Membrane

Cells must bring in

materials, like food and
oxygen and remove
wastes.

These processes occur

at the cell membrane.
PHOSPHOLIPID
BILAYER
Cells are limited in size
by the surface area
(membrane) and volume
(insides) ratio.
Increasing surface area can
increase the cell’s efficiency
moving substances.

Cells of the digestive system

have projects called villi that
aid in absorbing nutrients.
Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out; moving from
areas of high concentration to low concentration

This process
requires no
energy, it is
called

PASSIVE
TRANSPORT

Diffusion Animation
Movement of Substances Through the Membrane
Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out
Facilitated Diffusion - uses proteins as passageways

Diffusion Animation
OSMOSIS - the diffusion
SALT
of water
SUCKS
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Osmosis Animation
Active Transport - requires energy (ATP)

 Exocytosis - secretion; things exit cell

 Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
Cells - Part 3
The Life Cycle of the Cell

A. Interphase = growth phase, *differentiation occurs

B. Mitosis = nuclear division

C. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division)

The steps of mitosis ensure that

each new cell has the exact same
number of chromosomes as the
original
●Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase •
Telophase

●IPMAT
The structure of a chromosome
1. chromosomes visible (chromatids)
2. centrioles migrate to the poles
3. nuclear membrane disappears
4. nucleolus disappears
5. spindle forms
chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle
attaches
chromatids separate at the centromere and move
to opposite poles
1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin
2. nuclear membrane reforms
3. nucleoli reappears
4. spindle disappears
5. centrioles duplicate
- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter
cells
- organelles are divided
- daughter cells are genetically identical

Cells return to interphase

DIFFERENTIATION
occurs as
cells multiply
and
organism
develops and
grows
Cancer: caused by uncontrolled cell division
 CLASS QUIZ

1.Name the phases

starting at the top.
1.Name the phase
2.Identify X
3.Identify Y
5. Name the phase
6. Name the structure
1.Name the structure
2.What is its function?
9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is
hypertonic relative to the bag

     A                     B                   C                   D                    E

10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic

solutions?