AZƏRBAYCAN DÖVLƏT DƏNİZ AKADEMİYASI

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Tərtib edən: Osmanov Elçin

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Osmanov Elçin
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Subject : Marine Astronomy

Mövzu 19 Determining a ship's position at dusk by observing 3 or 4

stars

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Plan

- Determining a ship's position from the heights of 3 luminaries

- Calculation of hourly angles and declination of the Star(Moon ,Sun,Planet )

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Determining a ship's position from the heights of 3 luminaries.

In order to get a more accurate and reliable observation, it is necessary to have another line
of sight, i.e. to determine the position of the ship from the observations of the three
luminaries. An important advantage of this method of determination is the possibility to
exclude systematic errors of observation from the results of the observation. To do this,
when selecting stars from the globe, it is desirable that the difference in azimuth between
each star should be close to 120°. The C1, C2, C3 stars selected for observation will be
located across the horizon. If possible, stars with similar altitudes should be chosen (planets
can also be observed).
The preparation for the observations, the observations themselves, the calculations and the
plotting are carried out in the same way as when determining the position by two
luminaries. The heights of the first and second stars are usually brought to the zenith of the
third observation. In this case, the ship's time and the lag readout are noted when the
average height of the third star is taken. The peculiarities of the method of determining the
position according to the three luminaries are evident in the analysis of the observation. As
in the received three lines of position I - I, II - II and III - III there will be systematic and casual
errors, these lines, as a rule, do not intersect in one point when laying on a map or paper.
The triangle they form is called a false triangle or error triangle.
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The task of the navigator is to find the most probable position of the ship, i.e. the surveyed
point closest to her actual position. Theoretical studies show that if the pair differences of
azimuths of the three luminaries were equal or close to 120°, the surveyed point M0, free of
systematic errors, can be taken inside the triangle at the intersection of its bisectors. An
estimate of the accuracy of the position. For three lines a circular error of radius R =2M can be
applied. If the luminaries are situated in different parts of the horizon, M is calculated
according to the formula

M=k2mn N
where k = 1 if the positions of the luminaries are symmetric;
k = 1,25 in case of deviation in symmetry;
N is the number of lines.

If, however, the luminaries were observed in one part of the horizon, bisector errors must be
taken into account in estimating the position accuracy.
For ΔA = 60° approximate M = 2mn and R = 2M ≈ 4.4mn; this value can be approximated for
luminaries in one part of the horizon.

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Determining a ship's position by the heights of 4 luminaries.

Positioning by simultaneous observations of four luminaries C1, C2, C3 and C4 is an even
more accurate and reliable method, which also makes it possible to exclude the influence
of systematic errors in heights. The advantage of this method is shown when the
luminaries to be observed are chosen correctly. The stars must be chosen over the entire
horizon so that the difference in azimuths between neighbouring stars is close to 90°. The
heights of "opposite" stars should be as close in value as possible.

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Calculation of hourly angles and declination of the Star

The heights of the "opposite" stars should be as close in value as possible. The stars are
selected beforehand using a star globe. The object of observation can also be the planets
to be mapped on the globe. Observations, calculations and
plotting when determining from the four luminaries are carried out in the usual manner.
The heights of the first three stars usually lead to the zenith of the fourth observation. The
ship's time and lag reading in this case are recorded when the average altitude of the
fourth star is measured. The calculations result in the elements of the four position lines,
which are plotted on a map or paper.
Due to random and systematic errors, the four position lines do not normally intersect at
the same point, forming a quadrangle of errors. When the quadrangle of errors is close to a
square, the surveyed point M0 is taken at the intersection of the lines connecting the
centres of the opposite sides of the quadrangle.
The accuracy is evaluated by the radial error using the formula
( M = k 2mn ) or approximately R = 2M ≈ 2.2mn.

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A position determined by N four lines is sufficiently reliable, but a single observer is left
with the possibility of a time error, so he must check the time again after the observation
(e.g. stop the stopwatch by finding another timekeeper or by time signals, check txr and
hour angles). If a second observer is involved, the average position is usually within 0.5′ of
the true position.
Example 1.
21.12.93 в Тс=17 10 ОЛ=37,1 Being at coordinates jc =48°14.4′ N, lc=169°36,6′Ost, with
ИК=89° and speed V=13 kwere taken several positions of altitudes for a Cetus
срТхр=05ч54м01с; ОСср=25°19.6′; a Aguila срТхр=05ч59м19с; ОСср=30°47.6′; a Ursa
Major срТхр=06ч04м13с; ОСср=20°10.5′; Other Uхр=+06м16с, i+s=-2,0, е=9,7м, t=0°C,
B=754 мм.рт.ст.
Determine the surveyed ship's position coordinates and the misalignment C. Evaluate the
accuracy of the resulting survey by taking the root mean square errors of the altitude
position lines mлп=1.1′.
 

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   Дата jc   Пеленг Тхр        e t ИК  

ADDA  5.1 lc ч м с
Тс   Светило ОС i+s Uхр B V 5.2
21.12.1993 48° 11.4' N a Кита 5 54 01 25° 19.6′ -2.0′     9.7   89  
  17ч 10м 169° 36.6' O a Орла 5 59 19 30° 47.6′ -2.0′ + 6м 16с 754 13  
            j1=   48° 11,4′
  N a  Б.Медведицы
          6 j2=
04 16  20° 10.5′
    -2        е= 9,7    t= 0  
                             ол2=         
      l1= 169° 36,6′ O             l2=         V= 13,5 B= 754
                                           
a Б.Медведицы 
 
  a Кита a Орла         d N 4° 4,0′ T(d) 47762        
Example for form SH8B   1 линия
Приб. ТС 17ч 10м
2 линия 3 линия
 
4 линия
     
t
x
O 55° 59,7′ S(t) 5048 T(t)
7° 14,7′ T(x) 52810 S(x)
74144    
            N 70    
form 11
Приб.ТГР 06 10
                    jc N 48 11.4     T(p) 74074    
                90+(x~jc) 7° 14,7′     S(y) 3671 T(y)  
Дата 21/12             А 65° 58,7′ SO   T(A)   S(A) 71959
ТХР 05 54м 01с 05 ч 59м 19с 06ч 04м 16с       h 25° 8,1′         T(h) 7807
UХР + 6 16 + 6 16 + 6 16       d N 8° 51.3′ T(d) 54576        
ТГР 6 0 17 6 5 35 6 10 32       t W 53° 12.6′ S(t) 4453 T(t) 73249    
tT 179° 49,3′   179° 49,3′   179° 49,3′         x N 14° 34.9′ T(x) 59029 S(x) 284    
D1t 0 4,3   1 23,9   2 38,4         jc N 48° 11.4′     T(p) 72964    
D2t                         90+(x~jc) 123° 36.5′ SW   S(y) 5137 T(y) 74274
tГР 179 53,6   181 13,3   182 27,7         А 66° 50.6′     T(A) 78102 S(A) 8106
l 169 36,6 O 169 36,6 O 169 36,6 O       h 30° 36.8′         T(h) 66167
349 30,2   350 49,9   352 4,3         d N  61° 46.6′  T(d)  76130        
t* 314 30,1   62 22,7   194 9,1         t O  173° 46.6′  S(t)  51 T(t)  51478    
tW 304 0,3   53 12,6   186 13,4         x N  118° 4.9′  T(x)  76181 S(x)  6544    
tO 55 59,7         173 46,6         jc N  48° 11.4′      T(p)  44933    
                        90+(x~jc)  159° 53.5′      S(y) 546 T(y)  61997
dT                         А= 3° 7.7′ NO   T(A) 45480 S(A)  13
Dd                         h=  20° 4.8′         T(h)  61984
d 4° 4,0′ N 8° 51,3′ N 61° 46,6′ N       d     T(d)          
Отсчёт 25° 19,6′   30° 47,6′   20° 10,5′        t     S(t)   T(t)      
i+s   -2,0     -2,0     -2,0         x     T(x)   S(x)      
Изм. h 25 17,6   30 45,6   20 8,5         jc         T(p)      
Dhd   -5,5     -5,5     -5,5         90+(x~jc)         S(y)   T(y)  
Вид. h 25 12,1   30 40,1   20 3,0         А        T(A)   S(A)  
Dhr   -2,0     -1,6     -2,6         h            T(h)  
Dht   -0,1     -0,1     -0,1         Полярная     Iлиния IIлиния    
DhB   -0,1     -0,1     -0,1         I попр.   А круг. 114°,0  246°.8    
Ист.h 25 9,9   30 38,3   20 0,4         II попр.   ПУ 89°,0  89°.0    
Dhz
Прив.h   2,1      
25 12,0 30 -1,0
37,3      20  0,4                III попр.
S    А-ПУDh 0,20 157
25°,0 °.8    
 -0.21    
Tərtib etdi:
hc 25 8,1   30 36,8   20 4,8         Прив. H   Osmanov
DT Elçin
10.3  4.9     9
h-hc   3,9′     0,5′     -4,4′        j0   Dhz 2′.1 -1′,0    
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