CONTENT

RIG COMPONENTS :............... .......................................2

RIG POWER SYSTEM.......................... .............................................5
Hoisting ...........................................
System............................ ..9
Rig Fluid Circulating .............................................18
System............ .............................................27
Conventional Rig Rotary .............................................29
SysteM Error! Bookmark not defined.
Well Control
System........................
Well Monitoring
Systems................
Rig Components :

S Power system S Hoisting

system S Fluid-circulating
system S Rotary system ■S
Well control system ■S
Well monitoring system
 Rotary Drilling Process
Rotary Drilling Process

1. In rotary drilling, the bit is

turned by rotating the entire
drill string, using a rotary table
at the surface
2. The entire downward force is
applied to the bit by using
sections of heavy thick-walled
pipe called drill collars, in the
drill string above the bit.
 Basic Rig Components and
Operations
All rotary rigs have the same basic drilling equipment, with the
following major components or systems

1. Power system

2. Hoisting system

3. Fluid-circulating system

4. Rotary system

5. Well control system

6. Well monitoring system

 Rig Power System
• Most rig power is consumed by the hoisting and fluid circulation systems
• Both systems are not used at the same time
• Power requirements: 1,000 -3,000 HP (horse power)
• Types of power prime movers S Steam engine (obsolete)
S Internal combustion diesel engine S Diesel-electric
S Direct-drive -uses gears, chains, belts etc.)
• Mechanical HP requirement for prime movers must be modified for harsh
temperature environment & altitude
• Power-system performance characterized by output HP, torque, fuel
consumption, and efficiency
Comparison of Rig Power Systems
• Comparison is based on transmission methods

• Mechanical drive

S Uses gears, chains, and belts

• Direct-current (DC) generators and motors S Use power

cords instead of chains

S Decreased rig noise level S Can be positioned away from

the rig S Increase efficiency

• Alternating current (AC)-silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
combined with motors
S Most widely used
S Offers longer life, lighter weight
S Less maintenance, and lower cost than DC systems
 Heating Values of Various Fuels

Fuel Density Heating Value

Type (Ibm/gal) (Btu/lbm)
Diesel 7.2 19,000

Gasoline
6.6 20,000

Butane 4.7 21,000

Methane —
24,000
 Hoisting System
• Function: To provide a means of lowering and raising equipment
into or out of the hole

• Principal components

S Derrick & substructure

S Block & tackle pulley arrangements and drill line S Drawworks

• Major routine operations

S Making connection S Making a trip S Slip and cut program

 Schematic of Block and Tackle
1. Comprises of crown block,
traveling block, and drilling line
2. Provides a mechanical advantage,
which permits easier handling of
large loads
3. Generally mechanical advantage
is less than n (i.e. less than 100%)
due to friction
4. As n increases, mechanical
advantage decreases tremendously.
 (c) Free body diagram
(b) Free body diagram
of crown block.
of traveling block.
 Projection of drilling lines on rig
floor
1. The drilling lines usually
are arranged as in the plan
view of the rig floor shown.
2. For this arrangement,
derrick legs C and D would
share the load imposed by
the tension in the fast line
and leg A would assume the
full load imposed by the
tension in the dead line.
 Load on Each Derrick Leg
Load Source Total Load Leg A Leg B Leg C Leg D
hook load W W/4 W/4 W/4 W/4

fast line W/ En W/2En I/U’/2En

dead line W/n W/n

W( n + 4)/(4r/) W/4 W( En + 2)I4En W( En + 2)I4En
TABLE 1.2 - AVERAGE EFFICIENCY FACTORS FOR
BLOCK - AND - TACKLESYSTEM
Number of Lines Efficiency
(n) (E)
6 0.874
8 0.841
10 0.810
12 0.770
14 0.74d
 Drilling Line
• Subjected to severe service during normal tripping operation

• Failure of the line can results in injury to personnel, damage to

the rig, and loss of the drilling string
S Hence, drilling line tension < yield strength of the line

• Severe wear occurs at pickup points on travelling/crown blocks

and the drawworks
• Severe points must be changed regularly by following what is
called SLIP & CUT PROGRAM (similar to oil change for your
car)
 Slip and Cut Program
• Slip and Cut involve:

S Loose the dead line at the anchor

S Place a few feet of new line in service from the storage reel S Remove the line
from the draw works S Cut off a section of the line from the end
• Slip-cut program is evaluated using the ton-mile method
S Based on the assumption that a line will safely perform so much work (ton-
mile)
S A line has rendered 1 ton-mile when the traveling block has moved 2,000 lbf a
distance of 1 mile

S Must keep a record of ton-mile in order to have a satisfactory slip & cut S
Ton-miles vary with drilling conditions, hence use field experience
 Draw works
• The draw works is the control center of the rig and it houses the
drum which spools the drilling line
• Principal parts are: drum, brakes, the transmission, and the
catheads
• Its design depends on prime mover type and power transmission

type
• Rated by horse power & depth
S Must specify the size of drill pipe with the rating
S Draw works HP = (W x Vh)/(33000 x E); W is lbf and Vh is in
ft/min, E is hooks to draw works efficiency
 Rig Fluid Circulating System

• Function is to remove rock cuttings out of the hole as drilling

progresses

• Principal components are S Pumps

S Pits/tanks S Mixing devices

S Contaminants removal equipment, and S Flow conduits

 Mud Pumps
• The function of mud pumps is to circulate fluid at desired pressures
and flow rates
• Mud pumps are generally of the reciprocating types: two types
-double-acting (duplex) and single-acting triplex
• Pumps are denoted by the stroke, bore and rod diameters (for duplex
only)
• Commonly rated by horse power (HP), max. pressure and maximum
rate
• Two to three pumps are generally installed on a rig

S One as a standby; two used when drilling surface holes; and one used
at deeper depth
• Overall pump efficiency = mechanical efficiency x volumetric
efficiency (Emx Ev)
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Reciprocating Pumps
• Advantages

S Ability to move fluids with high solids content

S Ability to pump large particles, for example, lost circulation materials,

(LCM)
S Ability to operate over a wide range of pressures and volumes by using
different liners and pistons
S Ease of operations and maintenance; and very reliable
• Disadvantages

S Discharge flow is pulsating and hence causes vibration on discharge

lines
 Double-Acting Duplex Pump
• Has two pistons and it sucks and
discharges on every stroke
• Pump factor, F = pump displacement
p

per complete cycle (or stroke)

^ Fp= (TT/4)(2)(LS)[(2(Dl2)) -Dr2)]Ev
•S Dl= liner diameter
■S Dr= rod diameter Discharge Discharge

■S Ls= stroke length

•S Ev= pump volumetric efficiency
• Hydraulic pump HP,
HHP= (AP)(Q)/1714
Ap = diff. pressure, psi (Pout"Pinlet)
S

S Q = flow rate, gal/min

 Single-Acting Triplex Pump
Has three pistons and it sucks and discharges on every two
strokes
Pump factor, Fp= pump displacement per complete
Discharge

cycle (or stroke) 'a>

S Fp= (n/4)(3)(Ls)(DL2)Ev _
_Pision_ T
S Dl= liner diameter S Ls= stroke T~ 1
length S Ev= pump volumetric ■r®-
Suction

acting (triplex) design.

efficiency
S Note: there is no D = rod diameter

This pump is light, more compact, cheaper to operate

and very useful offshore where space is limited
Conventional Fluid Flow Conduits
• These are components through which the fluid moves from
the pump to the rig floor
• Surge chamber -located immediately after the pump to reduce
vibration

• 4 -6”heavy-walled pipe

• Stand pipe, attached to one of the legs

• Flexible rotary hose

• Swivel -rotates & allows fluid circulation

• Kelly
 Mud Pits or Mud Tanks
• Mud pits or tanks are made of steel to satisfy environmental
containment
• Three basic types of mud tanks: settling, suction, and reserve

S Settling: allows time for settling of cuttings & release of

entrained gas
S Suction: the pump sucks good fluid from it

S Reserve: to contain contaminated fluid, cuttings, and any

produced formation fluid
• All tanks are equipped with motor-driven agitators (mixers)
Contaminants Removal Equipment
• Shale shaker: a vibrating screen that removes coarse rock
cuttings/caving such as shales
• Desander: remove sand to prevent abrasion

• Desilter: removes very fine particles and silt

• Hydrocyclone/decanting centrifuge: removes finely grounded

solids
• Mud cleaner: a combination of a hydrocyclone and a shaker
screen, and use only for moderately high-density fluid
• Degasser: removes entrained gas from the fluid
 Conventional Rig Rotary System
• Rig rotary system includes all
the equipment used to achieve bit
rotation. Can be conventional or
modern type
• Conventional rotary system is
made up of -swivel, Kelly/Kelly
bushing, rotary drive, rotary table,
and the drill string (i.e. drill pipe
and drill collars)
• Modern rotary system is TOP
DRIVE, also called power swivel
 Rig Rotary System -Top Drive
• Modern rotary system is TOP DRIVE, also
called power swivel. In this system the
regular swivel, kelly, and kelly bushing are
entirely eliminated
V Has built-in tongs to make and
breakout pipes
V Uses a hydraulic motor to achieve
rotation
V Safer & easier for crew members to
handle the drill pipe
V Saves time as connections are made
very fast and safer. The crew uses the
unit’s built-in tongs.
 Well Control System
• One of the most important system on the rig. Its functions are:
S To detect a kick and To close the well on surface
S To circulate well under pressure & increase fluid density at the same time S
To move pipe under pressure S To divert flow from the rig
• Kick is the uncontrolled flow of formation fluid and occurs when hydrostatic
pressure (PH) is less than the formation pressure (Pf), i.e. when PRIMARY
CONTROL is lost.
• If the well system fails (i.e. if we cannot control the kick with the BOP, then
BLOWOUT occurs). That is we lost SECONDARY CONTROL). This is
perhaps the worst disaster while drilling.
• Effects of blowouts are: loss of life, loss of equipment, loss of the well, loss
of natural resources, and damage to the environment
 Kick Detection During Drilling Operation
• Kick detection while drilling usually
achieved by use of a pit volume
indicator or mud flow indicator. FLOW PIT VOLUME
INDICATOR INDICATOR

Basically what happens is that your Gom

-50^X50
flow rate increases, while your
circulating pump pressure goes down.
• Both devices can detect an increase FLOW IN
GAIN IN PIT
VOLUME EQUAL

in the flow of mud returning from the 0 KICK VOLUME

well over that which is being

circulated by the pump.
h

• Mud flow indicator can detect a kick

more quickly. Used in conjunction HIGH PRESSURE
PERMEABLE, FORMATION

with pump strokes.

 Two alternative trip-tank arrangements for
kick detection during tripping operations
• While making a trip, circulation is

stopped and a significant volume of pipe is

removed from the hole, leading to reduced

hydrostatic height. Hence, to keep the hole

full, mud must be pumped into the hole to

replace the volume of pipe removed.

• Hole fill-up indicator is used during trip

operations. Used to measure accurately the

mud volume required to fill hole.

• Trip tanks -small tanks holds 10 -15 gauge makers -provide the

best means of monitoring hole fill-up volume.

• Pump stroke counters -use if no trip tanks on the rig to

determine hole fill -up volume.

• Never use active pits as hole fill-up volume indicators because

it is too large to provide sufficient accuracy.

Components of a Well Control System
• Mud flow indicator -detects a kick more quickly, sees the kick first

• Pit volume indicator -indicates the active pit volume and presets at
high & low levels; an alarm turns a light or a horn on when the levels are
below or above set levels
S Gain in pit volume = kick volume !!!

• Hole fill-up indicator -used while tripping to measure accurately the

fluid required to fill the hole
• Trip tanks -usually very small (10 -15 bbl capacity) and provide the
best way to monitor hole fill-up volumes
S When the trip tanks are not available, use pump strokes
S Never use active tanks as hole fill-up volume indicator