CHAPTER 2

2.1 using Equation 2.4: pV = nRT

1(10.73)( 60 + 460 )
(a) V = = 379.6 SCF
14.7
1(10.73)(32 + 460 )
(b) V = = 359.1SCF
14.7
1(10.73)(80 + 460 )
(c) V = = 378.1SCF
14.7 + 10 16

1(10.73)( 60 + 460 )
(d) V = = 371.4 SCF
15.025

2.2 (a) number of moles of methane = 10 16 = .625 moles

number of moles of ethane = 20 30 = .667 moles

total number of moles = .625 + .667 = 1.292 moles
(b) from Equation 2.4

1.292 (10.73)(550 )
p= = 15.25 psia
500

wt. of mixture 10 + 20
(c) molecular wt. of mixture = = = 23.22 lb/lb-mole
moles of mixture 1.292
(d) using Equation 2.6

23.22
γg = = 0.802
28.97

2.3 using a basis of one mole of gas mixture

Component Vol. Fraction Moles Mol. Wt. Weight. lb.
Methane .333 .333 16 5.33
Ethane .333 .333 30 10.00
Propane .333 .333 44 14.67
Total weight 30.00
30.00
molecular wt. = 30 1 = 30 lb/lb-mole γg = = 1.036
28.97
2.4 initially the container contains only air but at the end, the container has both air and CO2

14.7 ( 50 )
moles of air = = 0.128 moles
10.73 ( 535)
moles of CO2 = 10 44 = 0.227 moles

total moles in the tank at the final state = 0.128 + 0.227 = 0.355 moles

0.355 (10.73)(505)
using Eq. 2.4: p = = 38.47 psia
50

$10.00
2.5 cost of acetylene = = $0.50 per lb or $10.00 = $13.00 per lb-mole
20 20 26

$10.00
cost of acetylene per SCF = = $0.0264 per SCF
379.4
( )
cost of acetylene per MCF = $0.0264 1000 = $26.40 per MCF

amount of acetylene used per day =

(1+14.7) (200) (520) = 203.8 SCF day
14.7 (545)
cost of acetylene per day = 203.8 ($0.0264) = $5.38 per day

2.6 The tank will collapse when the inside pressure reaches the outside pressure minus the
pressure that the tank is designed to withstand. This will be used caused by oil being pumped
from the tank.

0.75 ( 29.9 )
collapse pressure = 29.1 − = 29.005 inches Hg
16 (14.7 )

3.1416 (1102 )
the initial volume of the air space, Vi = [35 − 25] = 95,033 cu ft
4
the volume of the air space in the tank at the collapse pressure will be:

pi Vi 29.1( 95,033)
Vf = = = 95,344 cu ft
pf 29.005
 the volume of oil removed at the time of collapse will be the difference or 311 cu ft
the pump removes oil at a rate of 20,000 (5.615) = 112,300 cu ft day

311
(a) the time of collapse will be ( 24)( 60) = 3.99 minutes
112,300
(b) total force on roof at time of collapse will be F = pA

# 14.7 $ ! 3.1416 (110 ) "

2

F = ( 29.1 − 29.005 ) ( )% & (144 ) = 63,920 lbf

* 29.9 + %, 4 &-

(c) The collapse time would have been less.

2.7 (a) basis of 100 lb of mixture

let x = lb of methane

weight 100
moles of mixture = moles of methane + moles of ethane = =
mol.wt. .65 ( 28.97 )

x 100 − x 100
+ = = 5.31
16 30 .65 ( 28.97 )

x = 67.8 lb which suggests that mixture is 67.8% by weight methane

change the basis to one mole of mixture to calculate the mole or volume fraction
let y = methane mole fraction
then, y (16 ) + (1 − y )(30 ) = 18.83

y = 0.798 which suggests that the mixture is 79.8% by volume methane, recognize that
mole fraction = volume fraction for the mixture
(b) The per cent by volume is greater than the per cent by weight for methane because the
methane molecule is lighter than the ethane molecule.

2.8 writing a mole balance on the tanks, we get

moles in tank 1 + moles in tank 2 = total moles at the final conditions
 p1V1 p 2 V2 p f Vf
+ =
R !T1 R !T2 R !Tf

the temperature is constant so the equation becomes p1V1 + p2 V2 = pf Vf

or 50 (50) + 25 ( V2 ) = 35 (50 + V2 )

V2 = 75 cu ft

2.9 basis: 1 cu ft
ps Vs pc Vc
= where the subscripts s and c stand for standard conditions and contact
R!Ts R !Tc
conditions

pc Vc Ts 14.4 (1)( 520 )

Vs = = = 0.923 SCF
Tc ps 15.025 ( 540 )

At the new conditions, the price could be stated in two ways:

1. $6.00 per 0.923 MCF
2. $x per MCF
6.00 0.923
= or x = $6.50 per MCF
x 1

2.10 (a) and (b) the ideal volumes are calculated from the following equation:
p o Vo Ti 14.7 ( 45,000 )( 620 )
Vi = = where the subscripts, i and o, refer to ideal and
To pi 520 ( pi )

original conditions
actual volume
the z factors will be calculated from z =
ideal volume
zT
the Bg for part (b) can be calculated from Bg = 0.02829
p
sample calculation, at p = 300 psia, actual volumes = 2529 cc

14.7 ( 45,000 )( 620 ) 2529

Vi = = 2629 cc z= = 0.962
520 ( 300 ) 2629
 Bg = 0.02829
(.962) (620) = 0.05624 cu ft SCF
300

Pressure&& actual&volume& ideal&volume& z& B g&

300& 2529& 2629& 0.962& 0.05624&
750& 964& 1052& 0.917& 0.02144&
1500& 453& 526& 0.862& 0.01007&
2500& 265& 315& 0.840& 0.00589&
4000& 180& 197& 0.913& 0.00400&
5000& 156.5& 158& 0.992& 0.00348&
6000& 142.2& 131& 1.082& 0.00316&

(c)
2.11 (a) from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: p pc = 670 psia and Tpc = 366 °R

p p pr Tpr z (from Figure 2.2)

300 0.45 1.69 0.97
750 1.12 1.69 0.93
1000 1.49 1.69 0.91
1500 2.24 1.69 0.88
2000 2.99 1.69 0.86
2500 3.73 1.69 0.86
3000 4.48 1.69 0.865
4000 5.97 1.69 0.915
5000 7.46 1.69 0.99
6000 8.96 1.69 1.07

(b)
Component y Mw yM w pc ypc Tc yTc
Methane 0.875 16.04 14.04 673.1 588.96 343.2 300.30
Ethane 0.083 30.07 2.50 708.3 58.79 549.9 45.64
Propane 0.021 44.09 0.93 617.4 12.97 666.0 13.99
Isobutane 0.006 58.12 0.35 529.1 3.17 734.6 4.41
Butane 0.008 58.12 0.46 550.1 4.40 765.7 6.13
Isopentane 0.003 72.15 0.22 483.5 1.45 829.6 2.49
Pentane 0.002 72.15 0.14 489.8 0.98 846.0 1.69
Hexane 0.001 86.17 0.09 440.1 0.44 914.0 0.91
Heptane 0.001 114.20 0.11 362.2 0.36 1025.0 1.03

γg =
∑ yM w
=
18.84
= 0.65 p pc = ∑ ypc = 671.52 Tpc = ∑ yTc = 376.59
28.97 28.97

p, 300 750 1500 2500 4000 5000 6000

p pr , 0.45 1.12 2.23 3.72 5.96 7.45 8.94

Tpr , 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65

Z, 0.97 0.925 0.87 0.84 0.905 0.98 1.065
(c) To keep the error less than 2%, the deviation factor would have to be between 1 and 0.98.
Reading from the graph, the pressure would have to be less than 180 psia.
(d) A reservoir will contain more SCF of a real gas than of an ideal gas when the deviation factor
is less than unity but less than an ideal gas when the deviation factor is greater than unity.

2.12 writing a mole balance, initial moles – moles produced = final moles or n i − n p = n f

pi Vi 2500 ( 0.33)
ni = = = 0.1738 moles
zi R !Τi 0.75 (10.73)( 590 )
43.6 SCF
np = = 0.1149 moles
379.4 SCF mole
1000 ( 0.33)
n f = 0.1738 − 0.1149 = 0.0589 moles zf = = 0.885
0.0589 (10.73)( 590 )
 pi Vi p f Vf
2.13 n i = n f = 0.5n i =
zi R !Τi z f R !Τf

assume: Vf = Vi and Ti = Tf

pi Vi pV ! p "
0.5 = f f or pf = zf # 0.5 i $
zi R%Τi zf R%Τf ' zi (
from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: p pc = 666 psia and Tpc = 372°R

620 6000
Tipr = = 1.68 pipr = = 9.01 from Figure 2.2: z i = 1.09
372 666
! p $ ! 6000 $
pf = z f ## 0.5 i && = 0.5# & z f = 2752z f
" zi % " 1.09 %

this becomes a trial and error solution since z f is a function of p f

guess a p f , calculate z f , and then calculate p f to see if the assumed p f is correct

pf = 2400 psia

ni =
pi Vi
=
6000 1 MM (
= 0.827 MM moles
)
z i R!Τi 1.09 10.73 620 ( )( )
at 500 psia, using Fig. 2.2, z500 = 0.952

ni =
pf Vf
=
500 1 MM (
= 0.0789 MM moles
)
z f R!Τf 0.952 10.73 620 ( )( )
(
moles produced = 0.827 − 0.0789 MM = 0.748 MM moles )
(0.748 MM moles) (379.4 SCF mole) = 283.8 MM SCF of gas produced

2.14
p z dz dp (slope ) cg
1000 0.86 -0.001 6
2200 (10 )
2200 0 6
455 (10 )
4000 0.89 0.000085 6
154 (10 )
2.15 from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: p pc = 664 psia and Tpc = 389°R

5000 663
p pr = = 7.53 Tpr = = 1.70
664 389

from Figure 2.5: c r Tpr = 0.3

0.3 c 0.17
cr = = 0.17 therefore cg = r = = 260 (10−6 ) psi −1
1.74 ppc 665

1 1 ! dz " 1 1 ! 0.705 − 0.608 "

2.16 cr = − $ % = − $ % = 0.176
ppr z $& dppr %' 4.0 0.653 & 5.0 − 3.0 '

0.21
from Fig. 2.4: cr Tpr = 0.21 cr = = 0.16
1.3

2.17 from Figure 2.6: µ1 = 0.01185 cp

adding corrections for N 2 , CO2 , H 2S

µ1 = 0.01185 + 0.0002 + 0.00025 + 0.0002 = 0.0125 cp

from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: Tpc = 455 °R and p pc = 656 psia

7000 680
p pr = = 10.61 Tpr = = 1.50
656 455

from Figure 2.7 µ µ1 = 3.2 ( )

µ = 3.2 0.0125 = 0.040 cp
2.18 (a) composition of oil and gas, pressure, and temperature
(b)

(c) The oil is undersaturated originally. The horizontal portion of the curve indicates that there is
no more free gas present (above 2500 psia) to go into solution. Therefore, above 2500 psia, the
oil is undersaturated.
(d) The reservoir had no original gas cap since the oil was undersaturated.
567 − 143
(e) solubility = = 0.184 SCF STB psi
2500 − 200
(f) project R so curve from 2500 psia to 3600 psia by extending the straight line
 R so = 769 SCF STB

Since there are 1000 SCF of gas for every STB and only 769 are required for saturation,
the reservoir oil would be saturated. There would also be a gas cap.

2.19 (a) see plot in last problem

(b) There is no more gas to go into solution to increase the volume as the pressure is increased,
therefore the volume is reduced with increased pressure. The break in the curve occurs when the
last gas goes into solution.
(c) Since there is no additional gas to go into solution to increase the volume as the pressure is
increased, the increased pressure reduces the volume instead of increasing the volume as it does
below the saturation pressure. The negative slope (above saturation pressure) is smaller than the
positive slope (below saturation pressure) because the liquid is only slightly compressible.

reservoir bbl in place 250 (10 )

6

(d) initial STB in place, N = = = 190.8 (106 ) STB

Boi 1.310

( )
(e) initial volume of dissolved gas = NR soi = 190.8 106 567 = 108.2 109 SCF ( )
Vt
(f) Bo = = 1 + β ( T − 60 ) = 1 + 0.0006 (160 − 60 ) = 1.06 bbl STB
Vo

2.20 Yg = 0.00091(165) − 0.0125 (30 ) = −0.225

1.204
" 2500 #
R so = 0.80 $ −0.225 %
= 567 SCF STB
$&18 (10 ) %'
141.5
γo = = 0.876
131.5 + 30
.5
) .8 *
F = 567 + , + 1.25 (165 ) = 748
- .876 .
Bo = .972 + 0.000147 ( 7481.175 ) = 1.322 bbl STB
2.21 amount of gas in solution = 0.25 (85)(500 ) = 10,625 SCF

free gas above liquid = 20,000 − 10,625 = 9375 SCF

! 9375 "
0.90 # $ (10.73)( 580 )
znR %T & 379.4 '
volume occupied by undissolved gas = = = 277 cu ft
p 500
volume of oil and solution gas = 1000 − 277 = 723 cu ft or 128.8 bbl

128.8
Bo = = 1.515 bbl STB
85

Bo c p −p 20(10−6 )(3200 − 4400)

2.22 = e o( b ) = e = 0.976
Bob

2.23 (a) from Eq. 2.36: log "$log (µod + 1)#% = 1.8653 − .025086 (35) − .5644log (130)

µod = 3.2 cp

from Eq. 2.37: µ o = Aµ od B

−.515 −.338
A = 10.715 ( 750 + 100 ) = .332 B = 5.44 ( 750 + 150 ) = .546
.546
µo = .332 ( 3.2 ) = 0.63 cp

(b) µ ob = 0.63 cp

from Eq. 2.38

µ o = µ ob +1.3449(10−3 )(p − p b )10 A

A = −1.0146 +1.3322[log(µ ob )]− .4876[log(µ ob )]2 −1.15036[log(µ ob )]3

A= -1.293
µ o = 0.73 cp

(c) µod = 3.2 cp

 −.515 −.338
A = 10.715 ( 300 + 100 ) = 0.490 B = 5.44 (300 + 150 ) = 0.690
0.69
µ o = 0.49 ( 3.2 ) = 1.09 cp

2.24 at 2000 psia:

44,500
R so = (5.615 ) = 500 SCF STB
500
650
Bo = = 1.300 bbl STB
500
Bt = 1.300 bbl STB

at 1500 psia:

R so = 500 SCF STB

669
Bo = = 1.338 bbl STB
500
Bt = 1.338 bbl STB

at 1000 psia:

! # 150 (1000 ) $"

& 44,500 − ( )'
& * 0.02829 (.91)( 655) + '
R so = 5.615) = 400 SCF STB
& 500 '(
& '
,& -'
650
Bo = = 1.300 bbl STB
500
650 + 150
Bt = = 1.600 bbl STB
500

at 500 psia:

! # 700 ( 500 ) $"

& 44,500 − (( )'
& * 0.02829 (.95 )( 655 ) )+ '
R so = & ' ( 5.615 ) = 276 SCF STB
500
& '
&, '-
 615
Bo = = 1.23 bbl STB
500

650 + 700
Bt = = 2.63 bbl STB
500

2.25 (a) from Eq. 2.42

1
cw = = 2.76 (10−6 ) psi −1
7.033( 4000 ) + 541.5 ( 20 ) − 537 (150 ) + 403,300

(b) from Eq. 2.39:

ΔVwt = −1.0001(10−2 ) + 1.3339 (10 −4 ) (150 ) + 5.50654 (10 −7 )150 2 = 0.02240

ΔVwp = −1.95301(10−9 ) ( 4000 )150 − 1.72834 (10 −13 )( 4000 2 )150
− 3.58922 (10−7 ) 4000 − 2.25341(10 −10 ) 4000 2 = −0.006628
Bw = (1 + 0.0224 )(1 − 0.006628 ) = 1.016 bbl STB

2.26 (a) from Eq. 2.44: with S = 0

−1.12166
µw = ATB = 109.574 (70) = 0.93 cp

−1.12166
(b) µw = 109.574 ( 200) = 0.29 cp

2.27 (a) from Eq. 2.39:

ΔVwt = −1.0001(10−2 ) + 1.33391(10−4 ) (180) + 5.50654 (10−7 )1802 = 0.03185

ΔVwp = −1.95301(10−9 ) ( p )180 − 1.72834 (10−13 )( p2 )180 − 3.58922 (10−7 ) p − 2.25341(10−10 ) p2

at p = 6000 psia Δv wp = −0.01350

at p = 1000 psia ΔVwp = −0.000967

Bw6000 = (1 + 0.03185)(1 − 0.01350 ) = 1.0179 bbl STB

Bw1000 = (1 + 0.03185)(1 − 0.000967 ) = 1.0309 bbl STB
 500 500
volume change = − = 6.2 cc
1.0179 1.0309
(b) salinity has been found to have an insignificant effect on Bw , therefore the answer for part

(b) is the same as that for part (a)

 CHAPTER 4
43560 (.172 )(1 − .23)
4.1 (a) from Eq. 4.6: G = = 1.68 MM SCF ac-ft
0.003425
! 1 1 "
(b) unit recovery = 43560 (.172 )(1 − .23) $ − % = 1.37 MM SCF ac-ft
& 0.003425 0.01852 '
(c) because Bga is a function of reservoir pressure

( )
(d) recovery = 1.37 106 (640 )(34 ) = 29.8 MMM SCF

! 0.003425 "
(e) from Eq. 3.10: recovery factor = 100 $1 − = 81.5%
& 0.01852 %'

4.2 (a) because the producing zones of wells, 1,2, and 4, are located within 100 feet of each
other, we will assume the average reservoir pressure is 3400 psia
(b) from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: p pc = 664 psia and Tpc = 390°R

635 3400
Tipr = = 1.63 pipr = = 5.12 from Figure 2.2: z = 0.87
390 664

zT (.87)(635) 3
Bg = 0.02829 = 0.02829 = 0.00460 ft /SCF
p 3400

(c) G =
( )(
43560(22,500) .27 1− .22 ) = 44.9 MMM SCF
0.00460

4.3 (a) from Eq. 4.14:

79 (106 ) 0.0057004
at p = 2925 psia : G= = 1028 MM SCF
0.0057004 − 0.0052622
221(106 ) 0.0065311
at p = 2525 psia: G= = 1138 MM SCF
0.0065311 − 0.0052622
452 (106 ) 0.0077360
at p = 2125 psia : G= = 1414 MM SCF
0.0077360 − 0.0052622
(b) because of an increasing calculated initial volume of gas in place
(c) z is calculated from Bg = 0.02829 zT p

p T z p z
3200 680 0.8753 3656
2925 680 0.8667 3375
2525 680 0.8572 2946
2125 680 0.8545 2487

(d) from Eq. 4.13:

p = 2925 psia: We = 79 (106 ) 0.0057004 − 1018 (106 )[0.0057004 − 0.0052622]

= 4244 cu ft or 756 bbl
p = 2525 psia: We = 221(106 ) 0.0065311 − 1018 (106 )[0.0065311 − 0.0052622]
= 151,633 cu ft or 27,000 bbl
p = 2125 psia: We = 452 (106 ) 0.0077360 − 1018 (106 )[0.0077360 − 0.0052622]
= 978,344 cu ft or 174,240 bbl
4.4
p pr z
1700 2.54 0.873
1550 2.31 0.878
1400 2.09 0.888
1100 1.64 0.905
500 0.75 0.952
200 0.30 0.978

a) from Eq. 4.18:

! "
pscG p # 1 $
Vi = # $
Tsc # pi − pf $
#& zi T z f T $'
! "
14.7 ( 5 ) (109 ) # 1 $
Vi = # $ = 481.7 (106 ) cu ft
520 # 1700 − 1550 $
# .873 ( 620 ) .878 ( 620 ) $
& '

Vi 481.7 (106 )
b) G = = = 53.5 (109 ) SCF
Bgi 0.02829 zi T
pi
from Eq. 4.16:

! pz " ! p"
G p = G $1 − i % = 53.5 (109 ) $1 − 0.0005135 %
& zpi ' & z'

p z p z Gp
1550 0.878 1765 9
5.08(10 )
1400 0.888 1577 9
10.2(10 )
1100 0.905 1215 9
20.1(10 )
500 0.952 525 9
39.1(10 )
200 0.978 204 9
47.9(10 )
 ( )
c) from part b) 53.5 109 SCF

d) from graph at 750 psia or p z = 750 0.933 = 804

Gp = (1948.9 − 804) 36.431 = 31.4 (109 ) SCF

Δp 1700 − 200
e) = = 31.3 psi MMM SCF
MMM SCF 47.9

f) from Eq. 4.18 using G p = 4.75 (109) SCF, pi = 1712 psia, pf = 1538 SCF this will be

minimum gas produced with a maximum pressure drop

 ! "
14.7 ( 4.75 ) (10 )
9 # 1 $
Vi = # $ = 397.7 (106 ) cu ft
520 # 1712 1538 $
−
# .873 ( 620 ) .878 ( 620 ) $
& '
Vi 397.7 (106 )
G= = = 44.5 (109 ) SCF
Bgi
0.02829
(.873)( 620 )
1712

4.5 from Eq. 4.13:

G ( Bg − Bgi ) + We = G p Bg
0.02829 (.878 )( 620 )
Bg = = 0.009935
1550
0.02829 (.873)( 620 )
Bgi = = 0.009007
1700
Vi 397.7 (106 )
G= = = 44.5 (109 ) SCF
Bgi
0.02829
(.873)( 620 )
1712

( )
4.6 a) V = Vb !$43.560 ( φ)(1 − Sw ) = 17000 ( 43560)( 0.18)(1 − 0.24) = 101 106 cu ft

moles initial + moles added = moles final

648.7 (101) (106 ) 14.7 ( Va ) 1114.7 (101) (106 )

+ =
0.86 ( 590 ) 520 0.78 (590 )
Va = 4.1(109 ) SCF

b) step 1- raise the pressure of the reservoir gas to 1100 psig

step 2 - add enough ‘dry’ gas to make the gas volume at 1100 psig equal to the reservoir
volume
Step 1: moles of reservoir gas at 648.7 psia = moles at 1114.7 psia

pi Vi pV
= f f
zi RTi z f RT f
 p Vz 648.7 (101) (10 ) (.78 )
6

or Vf = i i f = = 53.3 (106 ) cu ft
zi pf .86 (1114.7 )
Step 2:

Va = Vi − Vf = 101(106 ) − 53.3(106 ) = 47.7 (106 ) cu ft

moles added at reservoir conditions = moles added at surface conditions

pf Vf p V
= sc sc
z f RTf RTsc
pf Vf Tsc 1114.7 ( 47.7 ) (10 ) ( 520 )
6

Vsc = = = 3.62 (109 ) SCF

z f Tf psc 14.7 (.88)( 590 )

c) It is not a correct assumption, but it is a good assumption. While gas dissolves readily in pure
oil, it can be shown that less gas will dissolve in oil when sand is present.
d) The gas to be added will be a minimum value, since it did not provide for oil production or
some additional solution gas during time of injection. As oil is produced, the gas pore volume
increases, so more gas would be needed. If some gas came out of solution, less gas would be
needed. This would have less effect than the pore volume increase. On the other hand, if some of
the gas dissolved in the oil as the pressure increased, still more gas would be needed.
e) The ‘dry’ gas used in part b) deviated less from an ideal gas than did the reservoir gas, because
most of the heavy hydrocarbons had been removed from the dry gas. The heavier the molecules,
the greater the molecular attraction between the molecules; and the gas deviates more from an
ideal gas.

4.7 from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10 for γ = 0.70 p pc = 668 psia and Tpc = 380°R

p T p pr Tpr z p z Gp
5000 697 7.49 1.83 1.015 4926 200
4000 697 5.99 1.83 0.95 4211 420
2500 697 3.74 1.83 0.90 2778

determining a straight line from a plot of p z vs G p , we get p z = −3.25G p + 5576

 5576 − 2778
a) G p = = 861 MMM SCF
3.25
b) to determine the initial gas, set p z = 0 and solve for G p

Gi = 5576 3.25 = 1716 MMM SCF

fraction produced at 2500 psia = 861 1716 = 0.50

c) trial and error solution for initial pressure
assume a pressure
calculate z and then p z

compare to pi zi = 5576
when calculated pi zi = 5576 , then the correct pressure has been assumed trial and error

yields initial pressure = 6150 psia

4.8 a) let Vr = reservoir storage space for the gas

initial moles + moles added = final moles and Vi = Vf = Vr

2500Vr 14.7 ( 50 ) (10 6

)= 3500Vr
+
0.80 ( R )( 620 ) R ( 520 ) 0.90 ( R )( 620 )
Vr = 1.15 (106 ) cu ft

( )
b) 1.15 106 = A (12)( 43560 )(0.16 )(1 − 0.24 )

A = 18.1 acres

0.02829zi T
4.9 a) Bgi = = 0.004122 cu ft SCF
p

0.02829zT
Bg = = 0.005567 cu ft SCF
p

75 (106 ) 0.005567
from Eq. 4.14: G = = 289 (109 ) SCF
0.005567 − 0.004122
b) 289 200 = x 2250 x = 3250 acres
the extension is 3250 − 2250 = 1000 acres

( ) ( )
c) from Eq. 4.13 We = 75 109 0.005567 − 200 109 [0.005567 − 0.004122]

We = 129 (106 ) cu ft or 23(106 ) bbl

4.10 Initial calculations of gas in place are likely to be in greater error during the early life of
depletion type reservoirs.
1. Error due to pressure:
Early in the life of a reservoir the shut-in BHP is probably not indicative of conditions in
other parts of the reservoir.
2. Error in pressure gauge:
This will be more noticeable early in the life of the reservoir when pressures are higher,
that is, the difference between the initial pressure is small.
Using a pressure lower than the actual reservoir pressure will cause estimates of the
initial in-place gas to be a minimum. This can be seen from

pi Vi pV
n p = ni − nf = − f f
zi RTi zf RTf

An error in the pressure gauge could cause reserve predictions to be high or low. This
would depend on whether the error was positive or negative.

0.02829zi T
4.11 Bgi = = 0.005228 cu ft SCF
p

0.02829zT
Bg = = 0.006319 cu ft SCF
p

12 (109 ) 0.006319 − 5.2 (106 ) 5.615

from Eq. 4.13: G = = 42.7 (109 ) SCF
0.006319 − 0.005228
 0.02829zi T
4.12 Bgi = = 0.003351 cu ft SCF
p

43560 ( 0.19 )(1 − 0.26 )

a) from Eq. 4.5: G= = 1.83 (106 ) SCF acre-ft
0.003351
b) time = produced gas/rate at which gas is produced

0.5 (1.83) (106 ) ( 640 )(32 )

time = = 17.1 years
3 (106 ) 365

( )
c) original gas in-place in water invaded zone = 1.83 106 (1280)(32) = 74.96 109 SCF ( )
50.4 (109 )
percent recovery = (100 ) = 67.2 %
74.96 (109 )

74.96 74.96 − 50.4

d) = 0.74 and =x
total pore space total pore space
substituting and solving for x, we get x = 0.24 or 24 %

4.13 from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10 for γ = 0.75: p pcT = 662 psia and Tpc = 406°R

p T p pr Tpr z
6200 740 9.37 1.82 1.12
3600 740 5.44 1.82 0.94
4800 740 7.25 1.82 1.00

( ) ( ) $&
!14.7 50 109
#
# 520 &
" %
from Eq. 4.18: Vi =
! $ ( )
= 613.1 106 cu ft
# 6200 − 3600 &
( )
#"1.12 740 0.94 740 ( ) &%

now apply the material balance equation from 3600 to 4800 psia

( )( )
582.3 106 520 " 3600 4800 %
Gp =
14.7 740
$
( )
# 0.94
−
1.00 &
10
' = −2.70 10 SCF ( )
4.14

p/z plot for Problem 4.14

a) G p = G i at p z = 0

using the regressed equation shown in the figure

6569.5
Gi = = 115.5 MMM SCF
56.889

1000 = 6569.5 − 56.889G p G p = 97.9 MMM SCF

b)
recovery = (97.9 / 115.5)100 = 84.8%
c) minimum p/z will occur when G p = 97.9 − 50 = 47.9 MMM SCF

p z = 6569.5 − 56.889 ( 47.9) = 3845 psia

4.15 this is a two stage separation system

G p = 6 MM + 0.021 MM + GE ( N p ) + GE w
! # 141.5 $ "
! γ " ' % 131.5 + 50 & (
GE ( N p ) = 133000 ' o ( ( N p ) = 133000 ' * + ( 100 = 72 M SCF
( )
M
, wo - ' 5954 (
', 50 − 8.811 (-
GE w = 7390 (10 ) = 74 M SCF
G p = 6 + 0.021 + 0.072 + 0.074 = 6.167 MM SCF
 CHAPTER 5
5.1 gas recovered = 1300 ( 0.85) = 1105 M SCF ac-ft

condensate recovered = 115 ( 0.58) = 66.7 STB ac-ft

value of products = 1105 ($6.00) + 66.7 ($95.00) = $12966.50 per acre-ft

742,000
5.2 a) gas-oil ratio = = 16,380 SCF STB
45.3
45.3
b) liquid content = = 61.1STB MM SCF
0.742
c) GPM = 61.1( 42) 1000 = 2.57 gal M SCF

141.5
d) condensate γ = = 0.771
131.5 + 52

133000 ( 0.771)( 45.3)

GE ( N p ) = = 38.3 M SCF
121.2

total gas produced = 740 + 38.3 = 780.3 M SCF day

parts a,b,c on a wet gas basis become
a) 17,200 SCF STB
b) 58.1STB MM SCF
c) 2.44 gal M SCF

3750 ( 0.712 ) + 95 (1.30 )

5.3 a) γ g = = 0.727
3750 + 95
b) initial gas-oil ratio = (3750 + 95) 186 = 20.7 M SCF STB

5954
c) M o = = 140.5
51.2 − 8.811
141.5
d) γ o = = 0.774
131.5 + 51.2
 95 M
3750 ( 0.712 ) + 4602 ( 0.774 ) +(1.3)
γw = 186 = 0.868
3750 M 133000 ( 0.774 ) 95 M
+ +
186 140.5 186

e) from Eq. 2.11 and 2.12: p pc = 640 psia and Tpc = 423°R

3480 680
p pr = = 5.44 and Tpr = = 1.61
640 423

from Fig. 2.2: z = 0.87

Vi = 43560 (0.172 ) = 7492 cu ft ac-ft

f)

3480 ( 7492 )
moles ac-ft = = 4061 moles ac-ft
0.800 (10.73)( 680 )

g) moles of gas per day = 3845 0.3794 = 10,134 moles day

186 ( 0.774 )( 350 )

moles of condensate day = = 359 moles day
140.5

gas mole fraction = 10,134 (10,134 + 359) = 0.966

= 4061(0.966)(.3794 ) = 1488 M SCF ac-ft

h) sales gas

condensate = 1488 20.7 = 71.9 STB ac-ft

5.4
component mole fraction pc Tc yi p c yi Tc
C1 0.8708 673.1 343.2 586.1 298.8

C2 0.0439 708.3 549.9 31.1 24.1

C3 0.0229 617.4 666.0 14.1 15.3

C4 0.0174 550.1 765.7 9.6 13.3

C5 0.0083 489.8 846.2 4.1 7.0

C6 0.0060 440.1 914.2 2.6 5.5

C7 + 0.0380 362.2 1024.9 13.8 38.9

661.4 402.9
 5820 725
p pr = = 8.80 and Tpr = = 1.80 from Fig. 2.2: z = 1.072
661.4 402.9
b) basis: 1 mole reservoir fluid
component n F niF gal mole gal

C1 0.8707 1.00 0.8707 --- ---

C2 0.0439 1.00 0.0439 --- ---

C3 0.0229 1.00 0.0229 --- ---

C4 0.0174 0.50 0.0087 --- ---

0.9462

C4 0.0174 0.50 0.0087 11.93 0.104

C5 0.0083 1.00 0.0083 13.71 0.114

C6 0.0060 1.00 0.0060 15.57 0.093

C7 + 0.0380 1.00 0.0380 19.39 0.737

1.048
gas = 0.9462 ( 379.4 ) = 359.0 SCF mole of reservoir fluid
oil = 1.048 42 = 0.0250 STB mole of reservoir fluid
gas − oil ratio = 359 0.0250 = 14,360 SCF STB

5.5 basis: 947.5 cu ft of reservoir hydrocarbon volume

2960 ( 947.5 )
ni = = 518 moles
0.771(10.73)( 655 )
2500 (175.3)
np = = 78.5 moles produced at 2500 psia
0.794 (10.73)( 655 )

initial 2500

yi yi n i y!i y!i n p y!i n f moles liquid comp

liquid
C1 0.752 389.54 0.783 61.45 310.85 17.22 0.405

C2 0.077 39.89 0.077 6.04 30.57 3.28 0.077

C3 0.044 22.79 0.043 3.38 17.07 2.34 0.055

C4 0.031 16.06 0.028 2.20 11.12 2.74 0.065

C5 0.022 11.40 0.019 1.49 7.54 2.37 0.056

C6 0.022 11.40 0.016 1.26 6.35 3.78 0.089

C7 + 0.052 26.94 0.034 2.67 13.50 10.74 0.253

1.000 518.0 1.000 78.51 397.0 42.47 1.000
 reservoir gas volume at 2500 psia = 947.5 (1 − 0.066 ) = 885.0 cu ft
2500 (885 )
moles of gas in reservoir at 2500 psia = = 397 moles
0.794 (10.73)( 655)

5.6 recovery from 2960 to 2500 psia (Table 5.5):

ΔG = 240.1 MCF (gross ) ; ΔG = 225.1 MCF (dry ); ΔN p = 15.3 STB

At 2500 psia the gross gas content in place per percent of gas saturation

2500 ( 520 )( 43560 )( 0.25 )

G= = 18.5 MCF ac- ft %Sg
14.7 ( 0.794 )( 655 )(100 )

Before invasion at 2500, the gas saturation is 0.70(0.934) or 65.4% of pore volume. After
invasion, it is 20 − 6.6 ( 0.70 ) , or 15.4% , and the change is 65.4% − 15.4%, or 50 per cent. Then

for F = 52.5 per cent, the average gas saturation change is 52.5 (50 ) , or 26.3% and ΔG is

ΔG = 18.5 ( 26.3) = 486 MCF ac − ft ( gross )

ΔG = 486 ( 225.1) 240.1 = 456 MCF ( dry )
ΔN p = 486 (15.3) 240.1 = 31.0 STB ac-ft

5.7 recovery factor = 0.85 ( 0.65)( 0.60 ) = 0.332

14.7 (106 ) ( 0.867 )( 646 )

5.8 a) V = = 3958 cu ft MMSCF
520 ( 4000 )
from 4000 − 3500 psia the produced volume is:

Vp = 3958 ( 224) 3958 = 224 cu ft at 3500 psia and 186 °F

379.4 ( 3500 )( 224 )

ΔG p = = 53,710 SCF ( wet )
0.799 (10.73)( 646 )
53.71( 4.578 )
ΔN p = = 5.85 STB ( condensate )
42
 ΔGp = 5.85 (8283) = 48,460 SCF (dry ) see Table for lower pressures

1000 MCF ( 5.254 )

b) N = = 125.1STB (initial condensate)
42

G = 125.1( 7127 ) = 891.59 M SCF (initial residue gas )

c) From 4000 – 3500 psia,

ΔG 53.17 (100 )
r= = = 5.37% (wet gas or moles)
G 1000
ΔG 48.46 (100 )
r= = = 5.44%(residue gas)
G 891.59
ΔN p 5.85 (100 )
r= = = 4.68%(condensate)
N 125.1

see Table below for lower pressures

d) VHC = 43560 ( 0.10)(1 − 0.20 ) = 3484.8 cu ft

3484.8
factor = = 0.8804
3958
G p = 0.8804 ( 767.45) = 675.7 SCF ac-ft ( wet gas )
G p = 0.8804 ( 739.16 ) = 650.8 SCF ac-ft ( residue )
N p = 0.8804 ( 29.70 ) = 26.15 STB ac-ft ( condensate )
 Table 5.8c
1. Pressure, psia 4000 3500 2900 2100 1300 605
2. Wet gas produced from 0 224.0 474.0 1303 2600 5198
cell, cu cm
3. Wet gas produced from 0 224.0 474.0 1303 2600 5198
reservoir, cu ft
4. Wet gas produced from 0 53.71 100.58 196.52 225.82 190.82
reservoir, M SCF
5. Cumulative wet gas 0 53.71 154.29 350.81 576.63 767.45
production, M SCF
6. CPM (wet gas basis), 5.254 4.578 3.347 1.553 0.835 0.895
gallons per M SCF
7. Condensate produced, 0 5.85 8.02 7.27 4.49 4.07
(4)(6) 42 STB
8. Cumulative condensate 0 5.85 13.87 21.14 25.63 29.70
produced, STB
9. GOR, on residue gas basis, 7127 8283 11621 26051 49312 45872
SCF STB
10. Residue gas production, 0 48.46 93.20 189.39 221.41 186.70
(7)(9) 1000 M SCF
11. Cumulative residue gas 0 48.46 141.66 331.05 552.46 739.16
produced, M SCF
12. Cumulative % wet gas 0 5.37 15.43 35.08 57.66 76.75
recovery, (5)100 1000
13. Cumulative % condensate 0 4.68 11.09 16.90 20.49 23.74
recovery, (8)100 125.1
14. Cumulative % residue gas 0 5.44 15.89 37.13 61.96 82.90
recovery,
(11)100 891.59

5.9 It will improve the condensate recovery.

5.10 VHC = 3485 cu ft

5713 ( 3485 )( 379.4 )

at pressure = 5713 psia G= = 984 M SCF ac-ft
1.107 (10.73)( 646 )

at pressure = 4000 psia G = 880 M SCF ac-ft (from problem 5.8)

ΔG = 984 − 880 = 104 M SCF ac-ft wet gas

condensate = 104 (5.254 ) 42 = 13.0 STB ac-ft
residue gas = 13 ( 7127 ) = 92.7 M SCF
5.11
a) + = $20,100
(
143.2 85.0 ) ( )
1441 5.50
+ = $12,690
( )
71.6 85.0 1200 (5.50)
81.8 (85.0) + 823(5.50) = $11,480

59.6 (85.0) +
1010 (5.50) = $10,620
b)
143.2 (95.00) +
1441(6.00) = $22,250

71.6 (95.00) + 1200 (6.00) = $14,000

81.8 (95.00) +
823(6.00) = $12,710

59.6 (95.00) +
1010 (6.00) = $11,720
c)
143.2 (95.00) +
1441(6.50) = $22,970

71.6 (95.00) + 1200 (6.50) = $14,600

81.8 (95.00) +
823(6.50) = $13,120

59.6 (95.00) +
1010 (6.50) = $12,230

5.12 final pressure in receiver: p = 620 (14.7 ) 760 = 12.0 psia

2500 (17.5 ) 12 ( 5000 )

= ; z = 0.790
655 ( z ) 710

5954 141.5
5.14 M wo = = 128.9 γo = = 0.759
55 − 8.811 55 + 131.5
1 STB condensate weighs 0.759 (350) = 266 lbs

moles in 1STB condensate = 266 128.9 = 2.06 moles

from Eq. 2.11 and 2.12 and γ = 0.76 : Tpc = 397 °R and p pc = 652 psia

Tpr = 675 397 = 1.70 and p pr = 2740 652 = 4.20 from Fig. 2.2: z = 0.87

V=
( )(
0.87 2.06 10.73 675 ) ( ) = 4.74 cu ft
2740
5.15 wet gas production from the cell: (note that the subscript c refers to the cell)

ΔVcp ΔVp
=
Vci Vi
" ΔV % " ΔV %
ΔVp = $$ cp ''()Vi *+ = $$ cp ''()43560 Ahφ(1− Sw )*+
# Vci & # Vci &
" ΔV % ()43560Ahφ 1− Sw )*+
(
ΔG p = $$ cp ''
# Vci & zT
0.02829
p
" ΔV p % (43560 200 15 .18 1− .23 *
( )( )( )( ) " ΔV p %
ΔG p = $
cp ()
') +
= 524.35$
cp
'()
$ z ' ( )( )
0.02829 1850 660 $ z '
# & # &

p ΔVcp z ΔG p
4000 0 0.75 0
3700 400 0.77 9
1.01(10 )
3300 450 0.81 9
0.96(10 )

G p = (1.01 + 0.96 )109 = 1.97 (109 ) SCF

! 1850 "
4000 # $
pi Vci # 2.543 (123 ) $
initial moles of wet gas = n i = = % & = 0.0492 moles
z i R 'T 0.75 (10.73)( 660 )
fraction that is dry gas = ( 0.0492 − 0.002 ) 0.0492 = 0.96
1.97(109 )(0.96) = 1.89 (109 ) SCF of dry gas

initial moles

pi Vi 4000 ( 43560 )( 200 )(15 )(.18 )(.77 )

in reservoir = = = 13.64 (106 ) moles
zi R !T .75 (10.73)( 660 )

!n $ ! 0.0002 + 0.0003 $ ! .002 $

n p = ## cp && n i = #
" n ci % " 0.002 %
( ) 6
& 13.64 10 # ( ) 3
& = 138.6 10 moles
" .0492 %

Np =
( ) ( ) = 71,775 STB
138.6 103 145
( )
0.8 350
5.16 We need to calculate the gas equivalent of the condensate and the water and then subtract
them from the wet gas to get the dry gas amounts. This will need to be done at each pressure
interval and for the initial pressure.
at 3500 psia:
133000 ( 0.8)(80000 )
for the condensate GE = = 56.7 (106 ) SCF
150
( )
for the water GE = 7390 (5000) = 37.0 106 SCF

the dry gas = 2400 − 56.7 − 37.0 = 2306 (10 ) SCF

6

at 3300 psia:
133000 ( 0.8)( 70000 )
for the condensate GE = = 49.7 (106 ) SCF
150
( )
for the water GE = 7390 ( 4375) = 32.3 106 SCF

the dry gas = 2200 − 49.7 − 32.3 = 2118 (10 ) SCF

6

initially:
133000 ( 0.8)( 2 ) (106 )
for the condensate GE = = 1.419 (109 ) SCF
150
80000 + 70000 5000 + 4375
for the water = WI = 125,000 STB
2 (106 ) WI

GE = 7390 (125,000) = 0.92 (109 ) SCF

( )
the dry gas = 35 −1.42 − 0.92 = 32.66 109 SCF

a) % recovery of residue gas = ( 2.306 + 2.118) 32.66 = .135 or 13.5 %

b) Yes, the reservoir is volumetric and that was the assumption behind the PVT cell experiment.
The water that was produced must have been water vapor - this will condense along with the oil
after the wet gas from the cell is run through a separator.
5.17 The reservoir must be volumetric if the PVT cell will simulate the production - so if we
calculate Vi from two different increments and find it is constant we can assume the reservoir

will be adequately simulated.

! zT "
G p # 0.02829 $
Vp Vcp V GB % p &
= or Vi = p Vci = p gf Vci = Vci
Vi Vci Vcp Vcp Vcp
for 4000 − 3600

!
1(106 ) # 0.02829
(.73)( 635) "
$
% 3600 &
Vi = (1500 ) = 18.21 (103 ) cu ft
300

for 3600 − 3000

!
2.3 (106 ) # 0.02829
(.77 )( 635) "
$
% 3000 &
Vi = (1500 ) = 22.72 (103 ) cu ft
700

therefore, the reservoir is not volumetric

 CHAPTER 6
6.1 a) N = Voi Boi

b) RF = N p N

!V "
( )
c) volume of remaining oil = N − N p Bo = $ oi − N p % Bo
& Boi '
d) G p = R p N p

e) G = NR soi

(
f) SCF of gas in solution in remaining oil = N − Np R so )
(
g) Gf = NR soi − R p Np − N − Np R so )
h) Gf from g ) or G f Bg

Bt − Bti 1.600 − 1.572

6.2 a) at 3550 psia: RF = = = 0.0175
Bt 1.600
Below 3550 psia we need to use the following equations:
zT Bt − Bti
Bg = 0.00504 Bt = Bo + Bg ( R soi − R so ) RF =
P Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi )

p Z Bo R so Bg Bt RF
2800 0.870 1.520 900 0.00102 1.724 0.088
2000 0.870 1.440 700 0.00142 2.008 0.217
1200 0.90 1.360 500 0.00246 2.836 0.446
800 0.93 1.320 400 0.00381 3.987 0.606
b)
pressure 3550 2800 2000 1200 800
RF: 0.0175 0.0383 0.085 0.153 0.195
plot of pressure vs RF for 6.2

c) to a first approximation, tripling R p decreases the RF by a factor of 3

d) yes, below bubble point pressure

N p !$ Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg "% 106 $!1.724 + ( 2700 − 1100 ) 0.00102%"

6.3 N = = = 22.1 (106 ) STB
Bt − Bti 1.724 − 1.572

Voi 75 (106 )
6.4 a) N = = = 10 (106 ) STB
Boi 5.616 (1.333)

( )
b) G = NR soi = 10 106 !#0.42 ( 2400)"$ = 10 109 SCF ( )
 10 (109 )
c) R soi = = 1000 SCF STB
10 (106 )

( ) ( )
d) gas remaining = = G − NR p = 10 109 − 1 106 ( 2800) = 7.2 109 SCF ( )
(
e) Gf = G − NR p − N − Np R so ) = 7.2 (10 ) − (10 −1) (10 ) "$(.42 )(1500 )#% = 1.53 (10 ) SCF
9 6 9

f) Bg = 0.02829
zT
= 0.02829
( 0.95)( 600) = 0.0107 cu ft SCF
P 1500
( )
g) reservoir volume of free gas = 1.53 109 ( 0.0107 ) = 16.4 106 cu ft ( )
7.2 (109 )
h) total reservoir GOR = = 800 SCF STB
9 (106 )

( 7.2 − 1.53) (109 )

i) dissolved GOR = = 630 SCF STB
9 (106 )

( 75 − 16.4 ) (109 )
j) Bo = = 1.16 bbl STB
9 (106 ) ( 5.615 )

0.0107 (1000 − 630 )

k) Bt = Bo + Bg ( R soi − R s ) = 1.16 + = 1.865 bbl STB
5.615

6.5 a) Basis: N = 1STB , therefore RF = N p at any given pressure

from previous calculations: N pb = 0.0189 R soi = 885

N p1 = 0.0486 R ave1 = 864

at 1400 psia:
let N p2 = production at 1400 psia
 Bt = 1.3978 + 0.00174 (885 − 772 ) = 1.5944 bbl STB
R ave2 = (842 + 772 ) 2 = 807 SCF STB
Bt − Bti 1.5944 − 1.4235
N p2 = =
Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi ) 1.5944 + ( R p − 885 ) 0.00174
N pb + ( N p1 − N pb ) R ave1 + ( N p2 − N p1 ) R ave2
Rp =
N p2
0.0189 (885) + ( 0.0486 − 0.0189 ) 864 + ( N p2 − 0.0486 ) 807 3.1671 + 807N p2
= =
N p2 N p2

solving these two equations for N p2 , we get N p2 = 0.1134

!B " ! 1.3978 "

from Eq. 6.16: So = (1 − RF )(1 − Sw ) $ o % = (1 − .1134 )(1 − 0.20 ) $ % = 0.696
& Boi ' & 1.4235 '
therefore Sg = 1 − 0.696 − 0.20 = 0.104

zT
b) from Bg = 0.00504 = 0.00151 and T = 585 °R and p = 1600 psia
p

z = 0.83

6.6 a) Bg = 0.00504
zT
= 0.00504
( 0.82) 610 = 0.001576 bbl SCF
p 1600

Bt = 1.215 + 0.001576 (575 − 385 ) = 1.5144 bbl STB

Bti = 1.29 bbl STB
N p "$ Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi )#% 26 (106 ) "$1.5144 + 0.001576 (954 − 575 )#%
N= = = 245 (106 ) STB
Bt − Bti 1.5144 − 1.29

(
b) Gf = NR soi − Np R p − N − Np R so )
= 245 (106 ) 575 − 26 (106 ) (954) − ( 245 − 26 ) (106 ) 385 = 31.9 (109 ) SCF

!B " ! 26 " ! 1.215 "

c) So = (1 − RF )(1 − Sw ) $ o % = $1 − % (1 − 0.18) $ % = 0.690
& Boi ' & 245 ' & 1.29 '
 Sg = 1 − 0.69 − 0.18 = 0.13

N[Bt − Bti ] 245 (106 ) [1.5144 − 1.29 ]

d) N p = = = 90.4 (106 ) STB
Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi ) 1.5144 + 0.001576 (0 − 575)

e) from above Bt = 1.5144 bbl STB

f) Basis: N = 1STB

1.30 − 1.29
N pb = = 0.00769
1.30

at 2000 psia:

Bg = 0.00504
zT
= 0.00504
( 0.82 ) 610 = 0.001261 bbl SCF
p 2000
Bt = 1.272 + 0.001261( 575 − 510 ) = 1.354 bbl STB
R ave2 = ( 575 + 510 ) 2 = 542.5 SCF STB

Bt − Bti 1.354 − 1.29

N p1 = =
Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi ) 1.354 + ( R p − 575 ) 0.001261
0.00769 ( 575 ) + ( N p1 − 0.00769 ) 542.5 0.2499 + 542.5N p1
Rp = =
N p1 N p1

Solving for N p1 , we get N p1 = 0.0484

6
( ) 6 6
( ( )
for N = 245 10 STB; N p = 0.0484 245 10 = 11.9 10 STB ( )
g) The initial SCF of free gas is 0 since the reservoir was above its bubble point initially.

N p !$ Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi ) − We "%
6.7 N =
Bt − Bti

26 (106 ) "$1.5144 + 0.001576 (954 − 575 )#% − 25 (106 )

= = 133 (106 ) STB
1.5144 − 1.29

6.8 Plot average daily GOR on the ordinate vs. cumulative production on the abscissa. Use a
simple trapezoidal rule to calculate the area under the curve to yield the following table.
MMSTB ΔN p , MMSTB R p1 + R p2 ΔG p = ΔN p R pave
produced , SCF STB
2
1 1 290 290 MM
2 1 280 280 MM
3 1 300 300 MM
4 1 420 420 MM
5 1 720 720 MM
6 N p1 = 6 1 1000 G p1 = 3010 1000 MM
7 1 1280 1280 MM
8 1 1560 1560 MM
Np2 = 8 G p2 = 5850
G p1 − G p2 5850 − 3010
a) average R p = = = 1420 SCF STB
N p1 − N p2 8−6

total G p 5850
b) cumulative R p = = = 731SCF STB
total N p 8

net gas produced 2840 − (1440 − 520 )

c) net average R p = = = 960 SCF STB
oil produced 2
net cum. gas produced 5850 − 1440
d) net cum. R p = = = 551SCF STB
cum. oil produced 8

N P Bt
6.9 a) N =
!c S + c "
Bt − Bti + Bti % w wi f & ( Δp )
' 1 − Swi (

100,000 (1.52 )
= −6
= 10.96 (106 ) STB
" (3.2 (.25) + 4 )10 #
1.52 − 1.51 + 1.51 $ % ( 400 )
$& 1 − .25 %'

205,000 (1.531)
b) N = −6
= 10.92 (106 ) STB
" (3.2 (.25) + 4 )10 #
1.531 − 1.51 + 1.51 $ % (800 )
$& 1 − .25 %'
!c S + c "
c) We = N p Bt − N ( Bt − Bti ) − NBti % w wi f & ( Δp )
' 1 − Swi (
 " ( 3.2 (.25 ) + 4 )10−6 #
We = 100,000 (1.52 ) − 7.5 (10 ) (1.52 − 1.51) − 7.5 (10 ) (1.51) $
6 6
% ( 400 )
&$ 1 − .25 '%
We = 48,000 bbl

6.10 RF = 0.114 + 0.2721log ( k ) + 0.256Sw − 0.136log (µo ) − 1.583φ − 0.00035h

= 0.114 + 0.272log (1500 ) + 0.256 (0.20 ) − 0.136log (1.5) −1.583 ( 0.25) − 0.00035 (50 )

= 0.59 or 59%

6.11 above the bubble point, Bo = Bt

! B − Bti " 6 !1.3277 − 1.31 "

Np = N $ t % = 275 (10 ) $ % = 3.67 (106 ) STB
& Bt ' & 1.3277 '

6.12 a)
p Bo Rs Bg Bt
2819 1.423 1234 1.423
2258 1.339 998 0.00106 1.589

NBoi 180 (10 )1.423

6

total pore volume = = = 341.5 (106 ) bbl

Soi 0.75

at p = 2258 :

oil volume = Vo = ( N − N p ) Bo = (180 − 34.3)106 (1.339 ) = 195.1(10 6 ) bbl

gas volume = Vg = Bg G f = Bg R soi N − Bg N p R p − R so Bg ( N − N p )

Vg = 0.00106 "$1234 (180 ) − 34.3 (1200 ) − 998 (180 − 34.3)#%106 = 37.7 (106 ) bbl

assuming no water encroachment:

 Vo 195.1
So = = = 0.57
pore volume 341.5
Vg 37.7
Sg = = = 0.11
pore volume 341.5
Sw = 0.25

check: So + Sg + Sw = 1.0 ??

0.57 + 0.11 + 0.25 = 0.93

This suggests that water encroachment has occurred.

( )
b) We = N p !$ Bt + R p − R soi Bg "% − N ( Bt − Bti )

= 34.3 "$1.589 + (1200 −1234) 0.00106#%106 −180 (106 ) (1.589 −1.423) = 23.4 (106 ) bbl

now, we need to adjust the water saturation to account for the encroachment

Vw = ( PV ) Swi + We = !#341.5 ( 0.25 ) + 23.4 "$106 = 108.8 (106 ) bbl

108.8
Sw = = 0.32
341.5

6.13
p Bg, bbl SCF Bt
2110 1.256
1700 0.00132 1.265
1500 0.00150 1.316
1300 0.00175 1.389
assuming N = 1STB and that c w and cf are constant for the entire pressure range at

1700 psia (bubble point pressure):

" c S + cf #
Bt − Bti + Bti % w wi & Δp
N pb = ' 1 − Swi (
Bt
" 3.1(.25 ) + 4 # −6
1.265 − 1.256 + 1.256 % &10 ( 410 )
' 1 − .25 (
= = 0.00971
1.265
at 1500 psia:

! c S + cf "
Bt − Bti + Bti % w wi & Δp
N p1 = ' 1 − Swi (
Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg
0.00971( 540 ) + ( N p1 − 0.00971) R ave1
Rp =
N p1
540 + 490
R ave1 = = 515
2

Solving for N p1 from these equations, we get N p1 = 0.050

! N p1 " ! Bo " ! 1.241 "

So = $1 − % (1 − Sw ) $ % = (1 − .05)(1 − 0.25 ) $ % = 0.704
& N ' & Boi ' & 1.256 '

Sg = 1 − 0.704 − 0.25 = 0.046 which is below the critical gas saturation

at 1300 psia:
using the same procedure with:

0.00971(540 ) + ( 0.050 − 0.00971) 515 + ( N p2 − 0.05 ) R ave2

Rp =
Np2

490 + 440
and R ave2 = = 465
2
N p2 = 0.107 and Sg = 0.103 which is above the critical gas saturation and therefore the
calculation procedure must end at this pressure
Fractional recovery plot for Prob. 6.13

6.14

p Bt
3000 1.315
2500 1.325
2300 1.338
from correlations in Chapter 1, cw = 5.9 (10−6 ) psi−1

assuming N = 1STB and that c w and cf are constant for the entire pressure range at 2500 psia

(bubble point pressure):

 " c S + cf #
Bt − Bti + Bti % w wi & Δp
N pb = ' 1 − Swi (
Bt
" 5.9 (.22 ) + 25 # −6
1.325 − 1.315 + 1.315 % &10 ( 500 )
' 1 − .22 (
= = 0.00996
1.325

at 2300 psia:

! c S + cf "
Bt − Bti + Bti % w wi & Δp
N p1 = ' 1 − Swi (
Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg
0.00996 ( 650 ) + ( N p1 − 0.00996 ) R ave1
Rp =
N pl
650 + 618
R ave1 = = 634
2

solving for N p1 from these equations, we get N p1 = 0.0206

! N pl " ! Bo " ! 1.311 "

So = $1 − % (1 − Sw ) $ % = (1 − .0206 )(1 − 0.22 ) $ % = 0.762
& N ' B
& oi ' & 1.315 '

This yields a gas saturation of 0.018 which is usually below the critical gas saturation for this
calculation procedure.
 CHAPTER 7
7.1 example calculations are for 18 months
line # calculation 18 months 30 months
6 26,400 41,200
Np R p = 22.34 (10 6
) (1180) = 26,361 MM SCF
7 R p − R soi = 1180 − 600 = 580 SCF STB 580 425
8 3.98 2.95
(R p − R soi ) Bg = 580 (0.00687 ) = 3.98 cu ft STB
9 11.49 10.48
Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg = 7.51 + 3.98 = 11.49 cu ft STB
10 Bg − Bgi = 0.00687 − 0.00637 = 0.00050 cu ft SCF 0.00050 0.00056
11 0.130 0.145
( Bg − Bgi ) mB
Bgi
ti
= 0.00050 ( 259 ) = 0.130 cu ft STB

12 Bt − Bti = 7.51 − 7.37 = 0.14 cu ft STB 0.14 0.15

0.27 0.295
13
( Bg − Bgi ) mB
Bgi
ti
+ Bt − Bti = 0.13 + 0.14 = 0.27 cu ft STB

14 257 421
( )
N p Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg = 22.34 (106 ) (11.49 ) = 257 MM cu ft
16 148 171
N (B + (R
p t p − R soi ) B ) − ( W − W ) = 257 − 109 = 148 MM cu ft
g e p
17 548 580
N p !$ Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg "% − ( We − Wp ) 148
= = 548 MM STB
mBti 0.27
(B g − Bgi )
Bgi
+ ( Bt − Bti )

7.2 for 18 months:

N ( Bt − Bti ) 548 ( 0.14 )

DDI = = = 0.299
N p "$ Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg #% 257

& mBti '

( Bgi )) ( g
N( B − Bgi )
* + 548 ( 0.130 )
SDI = = = 0.277
N p "$ Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg #% 257
We − Wp 109
WDI = = = 0.424
N p "$ Bt + ( R p − R soi ) Bg #% 257
for 30 months:
DDI = 0.207
SDI = 0.200
WDI = 0.594

7.3 overall recovery = 0.70 ( 0.646 ) + 0.50 ( 0.174 ) + 0.25 (0.180 ) = 0.584 or 58.4%

7.4
1. Reservoir pressure had not stabilized.
2. Since one well had cratered at Conroe during this period, the GOR may not be correct.

7.5 a) from Eq. 7.7:

!B " # 1.335 $
Bo = Bod % ofb & = 1.295 ' ( = 1.243 bbl STB
+ Bodb , ) 1.391 *

b) from Eq. 7.8:

!B " !1.335 "

R so = R sofb − ( R sodb − R sod ) $ ofb % = 554 − ( 638 − 425 ) $ %' = 350 SCF STB
B
& odb ' & 1.391

! V "! V "
c) Bt = # $# b $ = 1.2691(1.335) = 1.694 bbl STB
% Vb & % Vr &

7758 (346,000 )( 0.168)(1 − 0.27 )

7.6 N = = 223 (106 ) STB
1.476
43,560 ( 73,700 )( 0.168)(1 − 0.27 )
G= = 80.61 (109 ) SCF
0.0048844

using the following equation and converting Bg to bbl SCF

We = N p !$ Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi )"% − G ( Bg − Bgi ) − N ( Bt − Bti ) + Wp

 We at 3190 psia = 5.0 (106 ) bbl

We at 3139 psia = 6.99 (106 ) bbl

We at 3093 psia = 9.21 (106 ) bbl

We at 3060 psia = 11.7 (106 ) bbl

7.7 a) Bt = Bo + Bg ( R soi − R so ) = 1.321 + 0.00182 ( 727 − 563) = 1.6195 bbl STB

N p !$ Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi )"%
N= with m = 0
mBti
Bt − Bti +
Bgi
( Bg − Bgi )

! # 590.6 (109 ) $"

720 (10 ) %1.6195 + 0.00182 '
6
− 727 (&
% ' 720 (106 ) (&
, * +-
= 5565 (106 ) STB
1.6195 − 1.388

NBo 5565 (106 ) (1.388 )

b) h = = = 277 ft
7758Aφ (1 − Sw ) 7758 (50,000 ( 0.1)(1 − .28 )

N ( Bt − Bti ) 56 (106 ) ( Bt − 1.498)

7.8 a) DDI = =
Np "$Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi )#% Np "$Bt +Bg ( R p − 721)#%

NmBti ( )( )(
56 106 0.5 1.498 )
Bgi
(
Bg − Bgi ) Bg − 0.001048 ( )
SDI = = 0.001048
N p "#Bt + Bg R p − R soi $%
( ) N p "#Bt +Bg R p − 721 $%
( )
p Denominator DDI SDI DDI + SDI
2300 6 0.246 0.754 1.00
5.68 (10 )
2100 6 0.279 0.723 1.002
12.85 (10 )
1900 6 0.304 0.698 1.002
22.47 (10 )
1700 6 0.326 0.672 0.998
34.89 (10 )
1500 6 0.348 0.651 0.999
51.40 (10 )
1300 6 0.304 0.536 0.84
86.40 (10 )
1100 6 0.295 0.449 0.744
143.12 (10 )
900 6 0.280 0.410 0.69
219.72 (10 )
700 6 0.277 0.377 0.654
346.43 (10 )
500 6 0.275 0.351 0.626
582.61 (10 )
The calculations suggest that the pressure maintenance program began between 1500 and
1300 psia since the sum of the drive indices do not add up to one at 1300 psia.
b) The difference between the sum of the drive indices and one should represent the amount of
gas that has been injected.
1 − 0.626 = 0.374
amount of gas = .374 ( 582.61) (106 ) = 217.9 (106 ) bbl
= 217.9 (106 ) 0.006163 = 35.36 (109 ) SCF

7.9 a) Bt at 2900 psia = Bo + Bg ( R soi − R so ) = 1.375 bbl/STB

N ( Bt − Bti ) 4 (106 ) (1.375 − 1.34 )

Np = = = 101,820 STB
Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi ) 1.375 + 0.0011( 600 − 600 )

! N " !B " ! 101,820 " 1.32 "

b) Sg = 1 − #1 − p $ (1 − Sw ) # o −
$ w S = 1 − #1 $ (1 − .25 ) !# $ − .25 = 0.03
& N ' & Boi ' #
& 4 (10 6
) $
' & 1.32 '

7.10

p Z Bg R so Bo Bt
3000 0.7 0.000682 600 1.26 1.260
2000 0.8 0.0001169 400 1.19 1.424
N = 7758Ahφ (1 − Swi − Sgi ) Boi = 7758 (320 )(50 ( 0.17 )(1 − .26 − .15 ) / 1.26 = 9.88 (106 ) STB
m = 10 40 = 0.25

! mBti "
( )
a) We = Np !Bt + Bg R p − R soi " − N $Bt − Bti +
& ' Bgi
Bg − Bgi ( )%
$& %'

! # 2400 $"
= 2 (106 ) (1.424 + 0.001169 & − 600 ' )
, * 2 +-
! 0.25 (1.26 ) "
− 9.88 (106 ) (1.424 − 1.26 + ( 0.001169 − 0.000682 )) = 408,000 bbl
, 0.000682 -
 N ( Bt − Bti ) 9.88 (106 ) (1.424 − 1.26)
b) DDI = = = 0.381
N p $" Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi )%# 2 (106 ) "$1.424 + 0.001169 (1200 − 600)#%

NmBti 9.88 106 0.25 1.26 ( )( )( ) (

Bgi
(
Bg − Bgi ) 0.001169 − 0.000682 )
SDI = = 0.000682 = 0.523
N p "#Bt + Bg R p − R soi $%
( ) 4.251 106 ( )
We 408,000
WDI = = = 0.096
N p "#Bt + Bg R p − R soi $%
( ) 4.251 106 ( )
check: DDI + SDI + WDI = ?? 0.381+ 0.523+ 0.096 = 1.000

7.11 with m = 0.643 and N = 39.5 106 STB ( )

! mBti "
& ( ' )
a) We = Np !Bt + Bg R p − R soi " − N $Bt − Bti +
Bgi
Bg − Bgi ( )% + W p
$& %'

p We (bbl) WDI
3625 0.57
0.273 (10 ) 6

3530 4.72 (10 ) 6 0.74

3200 8.01 (10 ) 6 0.48

We − Wp Bw
b) WDI =
N p "$ Bt + Bg ( R p − R soi )#%

7.12 dividing each term of Eq. 3.13 by E o and setting appropriate terms to zero, we get

F NmBti ! Eg "
= N+ # $
Eo Bgi % Eo &

(
where, F = N p !$ Bt + Bg R p − R soi "% )
E o = Bt − Bti
E g = Bg − Bgi

a plot of F E o vs E g E o should yield a straight line with slope equal to the original free
gas volume in SCF and the intercept equal to the initial oil-in-place in STB
p Bt Eo Eg Eg / Eo
F (106 ) F / Eo (106 )
3330 1.2511 0 0 0 - -
3150 1.2657 5.807 0.0146 0.00005 398 0.00342
3000 1.2798 10.67 0.0287 0.00009 372 0.00314
2850 1.2981 17.30 0.0470 0.00014 368 0.00298
2700 1.3188 24.09 0.0677 0.00020 356 0.00295
2550 1.3448 31.90 0.0937 0.00026 340 0.00277
2400 1.3718 41.13 0.1207 0.00033 341 0.00273
from the plot below

intercept = N = 109 (106 ) STB

slope = G = 84.5 (109 ) SCF
solution gas = NR soi = 109 (106 ) ( 510 ) = 55.6 (109 ) SCF

Havlena - Odeh Plot for Prob. 7.12

7.13 Eq. 3.13 becomes: F = NE o

( )
where, F = N p !$ Bt + Bg R p − R soi "%

E o = Bt − Bti

p F Eo
1800 0 0
1482 0.067
3.118(10 )
6

1367 4.594 (10 )

6 0.104

1053 13.54 (10 )

6 0.272

( )
from the plot on the next page, the slope = N = 50.1 106 STB

Havlena - Odeh plot for Prob. 7.13

 CHAPTER 8
8.1 a) PA = 4365 − (9332 − 9100 )(.25) = 4307 psia

PB = 4372 − (9672 − 9100)(.25) = 4229 psia

b) from A to B
4307 − 4229
c) = −0.0312 psia ft
0 − 2500
k ! dp " # 245 $ 2
d) υ = −0.001127 ) * = −0.001127 ' ( [−0.0312] = 0.0137 bbls day-ft
µ + dl , - 0.63 .
e) total
" 245 # $ 4365 − 4372 %
f) υ = −0.001127 ' () − .25cos82.2 * = 0.0137 bbls day-ft 2
+ 0.63 , - 0 − 2573 .

340
25002 + 3402 = 2523 ft cos α = ; α = 82.2°
2500

100 ( 3.2 )(1500 )

8.2 a) Δp = = 343 psi at 100 bbls day
0.001127 ( 345 )( 300 )(12 )

Δp = 2 (343) = 686psi at 200 bbls day

100 ( 5.615 )
b) υapp = = 0.156 ft day
300 (12 )

0.156
c) υact = = 0.587 ft day
0.32 (1 − 0.17 )

d) t = 1500 0.587 = 2555 days

dp 343
e) = = 0.229 psi ft
dx 1500
f) no effect if k and µ are independent of pressure

(
g) q = 100 1 + 65 (10)
−6
(343)) = 102.23 bbls day
 100 (3.2 )(1500 )( 65) (10−6 )
(
h) ln 1 + 65 (10 )
−6
( p1 − p2 )) =
0.001127 ( 345)(12 )(300 )

( pl − p2 ) = 347 psi

(
i) q 2 = 100 1 + 65 (10 )
−6
(347 )) = 102.26 bbls day
−6
j) even at a high liquid compressibility of 65 (10) psi−1 the incompressible flow equation is a

very good approximation

2 2
5 (106 ) (14.7 )( 600 )( 0.88)(1500 )( 0.023)
8.3 a) 2500 − p = 2
0.003164 (520 )(12 )(300 )(345)

p2 = 2365 psia

b) p2 = 1725 psia

c) as the gas expands the velocity increases which causes increased pressure drop which in turn
causes increased expansion, etc.

2 2
25 (106 ) (14.7 )( 600 )( 0.88)( 750 )( 0.023)
d) 2500 − p =
0.003164 (520 )(12 )(300 )(345)

p = 2148 psia at mid point

2500 + 1725
e) p m = = 2113 psia
2
f) same as c)
25 (106 ) (14.7 )( 600 )( 0.88)
g) q m = = 177 (103 ) ft 3 day
2113 (520 )(1.00 )

0.006328 ( 345 )(12 )( 300 )( 2500 − 1725 )

qm = = 177 (103 ) ft 3 day
0.023 (1500 )
 25 (106 ) (14.7 )( 600 )( 0.88)( 0.023) L
2
8.4 a) p = 2500 −2
= 6.25 (106 ) − 2184L
0.003164 (520 )(12 )(300 )(345 )

b) differentiating the equation of part a) with respect to L,

dp −1092
= see plot above
dL p
 2
10 (106 ) (14.4 )( 620 )( 0.80 )( 0.029 )(1000 )
8.5 a) p1 = 1000 + = 3271 psia
0.003164 ( 540 )(100 )(10 )(125 )

2
10 (106 ) (14.4 )( 620 )( 0.80 )( 0.029 )( 500 )
b) p = 1000 + = 2419 psia
0.003164 ( 540 )(100 )(10 )(125)

dp 10 (106 ) (14.4 )( 620 )( 0.80 )( 0.029 )

=− = −2.01 psi ft
dx 0.003164 (540 )(100 )(10 )(125)( 2 )( 2419 )

dp 1000 − 3271
c) avg = = −2.27 psi ft
dx 1000
1000 + 3271
d) p m = = 2136 psia
2

0.003164 ( 540 )(10 )(100 )(125 ) ( 21362 − 10002 )

L= = 367 ft
10 (106 ) (14.4 )( 620 )( 0.80 )( 0.029 )

0.200 (100 14.7 )

8.6 a) υ = = 0.0007 cm sec
0.65 ( 3000 )

3.142 (102 )
b) q = Aυ = ( 0.0007 ) = 0.055 cm3 sec
4
3.142 (102 )
c) volume = (3000 )( 0.20 )(1 − 0.30 ) = 32,991 cm3
4
32991
time = = 6.94 days
0.055 (86400 )

3000
d) υactual = = 0.005 cm sec
6.94 (86400 )
0.0007
e) υactual = = 0.005 cm sec
0.2 (1 − 0.30 )
f) for flow rates use apparent velocity and bulk cross section; for displacement time use actual
average velocity.
 0.055
g) υapp = = 0.0007 cm sec
3.142 4 (102 )

υapp
υactual = = 0.007 cm sec
0.20 (1 − 0.30 − 0.20 )

h) 0.007 cm sec
i) time = 3000 0.007 = 429,000 sec

volume = 429,000 (0.055) = 23,600 cm3

j) We do not know k µ for the water phase so we can not calculate the pressure drop in the water
phase.

40 + 10 + 75
8.7 a) k avg = = 125 md
40 10 75
+ +
50 200 100
40 10 75
b) Δp1 : Δp 2 : Δp3 = : : = 80 : 5 :15
50 200 500
c) Overall will be the same; individual drops will be different.

! 10 "
d) p2 = 5002 − 900 $ % = 400 psia
& .1 '

! 70 "
p3 = 4002 − 900 $ % = 300 psia
& .9 '
p1 − p3 = Δp1 + Δp 2 = 100 + 100 = 200 psi
! 70 "
p2 = 5002 − 900 $ % = 424 psia
& .9 '
! 10 "
p3 = 4242 − 900 $ % = 300 psia
& .1 '
p1 − p3 = Δp1 + Δp 2 = 76 + 124 = 200 psi

10 + 0.333 + 4.0 + 0.167 + 8.0

e) k avg = = 28.7 md
10 0.333 40 0.167 8.0
+ + + +
350 0.5 1230 2.4 520
 40 ( 4 ) + 100 ( 6 ) + 800 (10 )
8.8 a) k avg = = 438 md
4 + 6 + 10
b) q1 : q2 : q3 = 40 (4 ) :100 (6) : 800 (10) = 160 : 600 : 8000

8.9 let BD = before damage and AD = after damage

!r " !r "
qµBo ln # e $ qµBo ln # e $
% rw & % rw &
( pe − p w )BD = and ( pe − p w )AD =
0.00708k BD h 0.00708 k AD h
( pe − p w ) AD = 20 = k BD therefore, k AD = 5 md
( pe − p w ) BD k AD

! 1000 "
l (100 ) ln # $
5= % 0.5 &
1ln1000 − 1ln ( ra ) + 100 ln ( ra ) − 100 ln ( 0.5 )

Solving, ra = 2.15 ft

200 (15 ) ln (1500 0.5 )

8.10 a) k avg = = 44 md
200 ln (1500 150 ) + 15ln (150 0.5 )

0.00708 ( 44 )( 20 )( 2200 − 100 )

q= = 973 STB day
1.5 (1.12 ) ( ln (1500 .5)

973 (1.5 )(1.12 ) ln (1500 300 )

b) p300 = 2200 − = 961.4 psia
0.00708 (15 )( 20 )

2
( )
8.11 a) k = 1.15 1013 ( 0.01 12 ) = 8000 darcies

8000 (10 )(3.1416 ) 0.012 + 0.001(144 − 10 (3.1416 ) 0.012 )

k avg = = 175 md
144
 ( )
b) pore volume of solution channel = 10 (3.1416) 0.012 (12) = 0.0377 in3 ft 3

pore volume of rock matrix = 0.10 (1728 − 0.0377 ) = 172.8 in 3 ft 3

0.0377 (100 )
% storage in solution channels = = 0.022%
172.8
% storage in rock matrix = 100 − 0.022 = 99.978%

8.12 Δp =
( )( )( )
100 24 1 1 12
= 904 psi
0.001127 (1000) (3.1416) (0.25 ) 2

2
( )
8.13 k1 = 1.15 1013 ( 0.01 12 ) = 8000 darcies

2
k 2 = 1.15 (1013 ) ( 0.02 12 ) = 32,000 darcies
8000 (100 )( 3.1416 ) 0.012 + 32,000 ( 50 )( 3.1416 ) 0.022
k avg = = 720 darcies
3.1416 (12 )

2
( )
8.14 k = 7.7 1012 ( 0.01 12 ) = 5350 darcies

0.001127 ( 5350000 )( 2 )( 3.1416 )( 4 )( 0.01)(100 )

q= = 107.4 bbl day
0.49 ( 20 )(144 )

2
( )
8.15 k = 7.7 1012 ( 0.01 12 ) = 5350 darcies

(
Area = 3.1416 42 − ( 4 − 0.01)
2
) 144 = 1.74 (10 ) ft
−3 2

0.001127 ( 5350000 )(1.74 ) (10−3 ) (150 )

q= = 158.8 bbl day
0.50 ( 20 )
 q q k dp
8.16 = = −0.001127
A 2πr 2 µ dr

dr
re k pe
q∫ = −0.001127 ( 2 π ) dp
rw r 2 µ ∫pw
k
0.00708 re rw ( p e − p w )
µ
q=
( rw − re )

8.17 a) J = 215 500 = 0.43 bbl day psi

b) assuming the drawdown is ( p − pw )

215 ( 0.88)(1.32 ) "$ln ( 660 0.5) − 0.75#%

k avg = = 12.6 md
0.00708 ( 36 )( 500 )

c) capacity = 12.6 (36) = 453.6 md-ft

150 (15) + 400 (10 )

8.18 a) k avg = = 250 md
15 + 10
b) capacity = 250 ( 25) = 6250 md-ft

25 (150 ) ln ( 500 0.5 )

c) k avg15 = = 59.9 md
25ln ( 500 4 ) + 150 ln ( 4 0.5 )

40 ( 400 ) ln ( 500 0.5 )

k avg10 = = 86.7 md
40 ln ( 500 8 ) + 400 ln (8 0.5 )
59.9 (15 ) + 86.7 (10 )
k avg = = 71 md
15 + 10

71(100 )
d) % of initial PI = = 28.4%
250
e) capacity = 71( 25) = 1775 md-ft
 70.6 ( 300 )( 0.44 )(1.32 ) " $ 0.16 ( 0.44 )(18) (10−6 ) r 2 % #
8.19 a) p ( r, t ) = 2500 − & −E i ( − )'
25 ( 43) & ( 0.00105 ( 25) t )'
, * +-
2
−5 r %
" $ #
p ( r, t ) = 2500 + 11.44 &Ei ( −4.827 (10 ) )'
, * t +-

where, r is in ft and t is in hr
example calculation: r = 250 ft and t = 0.1 day or 2.4 hr

p ( r, t ) = 2500 + 11.44 "$Ei ( −1.257 )#%

from Table 8.1 Ei ( −1.257 ) = −0.145 therefore, p = 2498.3 psia

pressure vs r (Cartesian plot) for Problem 8.19

pressure vs r (semi-log plot) for Problem 8.19

2
−5 1200 %
" $ #
b) 2495 = 2500 + 11.44 &Ei ( −4.827 (10 ) )'
, * t +-

5 ! # 69.5 $ "
= 0.437 = − ( E i & − '
11.44 , * t + )-
69.5
= 0.622 or t = 111.7 hrs
t

c)
 Δptotal = Δp1 + Δpi

distance from shut-in well to image well = 6002 + 4002 = 721 ft

" $ 6002 % # " $ 2

−5 721 %
#
Δp total = −11.44 ' Ei ) −4.827 (10−5 ) *( − 11.44 E
' i) − 4.827 (10 ) *(
- + 240 , . - + 240 , .
Δp total = −11.44 "- Ei ( −0.0724 ) + Ei ( −0.1046 )#. = 44.9 psi

" $ 5002 % # " $ 2

−5 500 %
#
d) Δp total = −11.44 'Ei ) −4.827 10−5 ( )
*(
144 , .
+ 11.44 E
' i) −4.827 10 *(
24 , .
( )
- + - +

Δptotal = −11.44 #%Ei ( −0.0838) + Ei ( −0.503)$& = 16.6 psi

( )( )( )
70.6 250 0.44 1.32 ) # 5002 &,
Δp total = −
( )
25 43
+E i % −4.827 10−5
+* $
( ) (.
192 '.-
8.20
70.6 ( 400) (0.44) (1.32) ) # 1000 2 &,
− +E % −4.827 (10 )
i
−5
(.
25 ( 43) +* $ 120 '.-

( ) (
ΔPtotal = −9.536 E i −0.0629 −15.257 E i −0.402 = 32.1 psi )

8.21

70.6 ( 200 )( 0.44 )(1.32 ) " $ 2

−5 500 % $ 2
−5 500 % $ 2
−5 500 %
#
Δp total =− 'Ei ) −4.827 (10 ) * + Ei ) −4.827 (10 ) * + Ei ) −4.827 (10 ) *(
25 ( 43) - + 24 , + 48 , + 72 , .

ΔPtotal = −7.629 #%Ei ( −0.0503) + Ei ( −0.251) + Ei ( −0.168)$& = 22.7 psi

 43560 ( 640 )
8.22 a) re = = 2980 ft
3.1416

! 6000 $! 520 $
( )( )(
G = 43560 640 15 0.20 # &# ) & = 27.31 MMMSCF
" 14.7 %" 650 %
! qt $
Pavg = #1− & pi = 6000 −
( ) ()
4 106 6000
t = 6000 − 0.879t
" G% 27.31 109 ( )
0.01988 (520) (6) (15) ( p − p ) 2
avg
2
1
q = 4 (10 ) =
6
= 0.560 ( p 2
avg
− p12 )
14.7 (650) (1) (0.02)1n ( 2980 0.5)
! 2 $
( )
4 106 = 0.560 # 6000 − 0.879t − 5002 &
" ( )
%
t = 3733 days

( ( ))
recovery = 3733 4 106 = 14.93 109 SCF ( )
% recovery =
14.93 100 ( ) = 54.7 %
27.31

0.01988 (520)(60 )(15) ( pavg

2
− p12 )
( )
b) q = 4 10 = 6

14.7 (650)(1)(0.02 )1n (2980 0.5)

= 5.60 ( pavg
2
− p12 )

( 2
4 (106 ) = 5.60 ( 6000 − 0.879t ) − 500 2 ) t = 5709 days

4 (106 ) ( 5709 )(100 )

% recovery = = 83.6 %
27.31(109 )

! qt " 2 (106 ) 6000

c) pavg = $ 1 − % pi = 6000 − ( t ) = 6000 − 0.439t
& G' 27.31 (109 )

( 2
2 (106 ) = 0.560 ( 6000 − 0.439t ) − 5002 ) t = 9214 days

2 (106 ) ( 9214 )(100 )

% recovery = = 67.5 %
27.31(109 )
 43560 (160 )
d) re =
3.1416
( )
= 1490 ft and G = (1 4 ) 27.31(109 ) = 6.89 (109 ) SCF

! qt " 4 (106 ) 6000

p avg = $1 − % pi = 6000 − ( t ) = 6000 − 3.514t
& G' 6.83 (109 )

( )( )( )(2
0.01988 520 6 15 pavg − p12 ) = 0.609 p − p
( )
q = 4 10 =6

14.7 (650) (1) (0.02)1n (1490 0.5)

( ) 2
avg
2
1

" % 2
4 (10 ) = 0.609 $ (6000 − 3.514t ) − 500 '
6 2
t = 964 days
# &
4 (10 ) (964) (100)
6

% recovery = = 56.5 %
6.83(109 )

(
8.23 ct = "$18.0 ( 0.67 ) + 3.0 ( 0.33) + 4.3#%10−6 = 17.4 10−6 psi−1 )
70.6 (175 )( 2.9 )(1.25 ) " $ 0.15 ( 2.9 )(17.4 ) (10−6 ) 6002 % #
p = 4300 − & −Ei ( − )'
35 ( 30 ) & ( 0.00105 (35 )1680 )'
, * +-
p = 4300 − 42.65 [ −E i (−.0534) ] = 4300 − 42.65 ( 2.43) = 4196 psia

8.24 Δp total = Δp1 + Δpi1 + Δpi2

Δp total =− E &−
(
70.6 ( 200 )( 0.50 )(1.32 ) "% # 0.25 ( 0.50 ) 30 (10 ) 0.33 $
−6 2

'
)
50 ( 20 ) % i& 0.00105 ( 50 )(120 ) '
+ ) *

(
# 0.25 ( 0.50 ) 30 (10−6 ) 4002 $
+Ei & −
) (
# 0.25 ( 0.50 ) 30 (10−6 ) 6002 $ ,
' + Ei & − '-
)
& 0.00105 ( 50 )(120 ) ' & 0.00105 ( 50 )(120 ) '-
) * ) *.
( )
Δp total = −9.32 " E i −6.48 (10−8 ) + E i ( −0.0952 ) + E i ( −0.214 ), = 177 psi
+ .
p = 4000 − 177 = 3823 psia
8.25 from the semi-log plot of p wf vs t , the slope = −56.3

−162.6 (125 )(1.1)( 0.80 )

k= = 14.4 md
−56.3 ( 22 )

from the Cartesian plot of p wf vs t , the slope = −0.388

−0.2339 (125)(1.1)
Ahφ = = 6.58 (106 ) ft 3
(
−0.388 12.6 (10 −6
))

pwf vs time for Problem 8.25

pwf vs time (Cartesian plot) for Prob.8.25

8.26
pwf vs time (semi-log) for Problem 8.26
a) from the semi-long plot of pwf vs t , the slope = −20.0

−162.6 (550 )(1.55)(3.3)

k= = 246 md
−20.0 (93)

! p − pi # k $ "
b) S = 1.151 & 1hr − log ( 2 ) + 3.23'
- m + φµct rw , .

" 4008 − 4150 $ 248 % #

S = 1.151 & − log ( ) + 3.23 ' = 2.4
& −20 ( .343 (3.3) (10−5 )(.52 ) ) '
, * + -

c) from the Cartesian plot of p wf vs t , the slope = −0.10

−0.2339 ( 550 )(1.55 )

Ahφ = = 199 (106 ) ft 3
−0.10 (10−5 )

pwf vs time (Cartesian plot) for Prob. 8.26

 361( 24 )
8.27 t = = 44.4 hrs
195
t + Δt 44.4 + .5
sample calculation for time parameter: = = 89.8
Δt .5
from the plot of p ws vs the time parameter, the slope = −66.4

−162.6 (195 )( 0.85 )( 2.15 )

k= = 37.9 md
−66.4 ( 23)

from the plot, pi = 3392 psia

pws vs time parameter for Prob. 8.27

8.28

from the plot of p ws vs the time parameter, the slope = −16.8

−162.6 ( 375 )( 0.87 )(1.31)

k= = 188 md
−16.8 ( 22 )

from the plot, p1hr = 3717 psia

# p wf ( Δt =0) − p1hr % k & $

S = 1.151 ' − log ) 2 * + 3.23(
'. m , φµc t rw - (/
# 3470 − 3717 % 188 & $
S = 1.151 ' − log ) * + 3.23( = 9.3
' −16.8 ) .253 ( 0.87 )(18.2 ) (10−6 )(.332 ) * (
. , - /
from the plot of p ws vs the time parameter, if the slope = −7.5

k = 421 md

from the plot, p1hr = 3722 psia

S = 32.1 md
 CHAPTER 9
9.1 graphical integration of the integral ∫ (p − p)dt for the time period 12−18 months, yields:
i

888 psi-months

ΔWe = 65,100 (888) = 57.8 (106 ) ft 3

We at the end of the 18 month = 51.5 + 57.8 = 109.3 (106 ) ft 3

graphical integration of the integral ∫ ( p − p) dt for the time period 24-30 months, yields:
i

1110 psi-months

ΔWe = 65,100 (1110 ) = 72.3 (106 ) ft 3

We at the end of the 18 month = 178 + 72.3 = 250.3 (106 ) ft 3

dWe ft 3
9.2 = 9.05 (8450 ) + (1052 − 720 )( 0.00490 )(8450 ) + 2550 (5.615) = 104,537
dt day

104,537 ft 3
k! = = 209.1
500 psi − day

graphical integration of the integral ∫ ( p − p) dt for the time period 0–36 months, yields:
i

1,872,000 psi-days

We = 209.1(1,872,000) = 391(106 ) ft 3

dWe bbl
9.3 = 1.45 (30,000 ) + (800 − 750 )( 0.002 )(30,000 ) + 5000 (1.04 ) = 51,700
dt day

51,700 bbl
k! = = 172.3
3500 − 3200 psi-day

from 3000 − 2800

 dp dp
= −0.003p or dt =
dt −0.003p
t 2800 dt
We = k "∫ ( pi − p )dt = k "∫ ( pi − p )
0 3000 −0.003p
172.3 ( 30 ) # % 2800 & $
( − ( 2800 − 3000 )* = 12 (10 ) bbl
6
We = ) 3000 ln '
−0.003 - + 3000 , .

dp
9.4 = −0.5
dt
p t
∫ dp = ∫ −0.5dt or p − p i = −0.5t
pi 0

t k" t
We = k "∫ ( pi − p ) dt = ∫ 0.5tdt = 0.0445k "t 2
0 5.615 0

where, We is in bbl and t is in days

28850 ( 43560 ) 451( 43560 )

9.5 a) re = = 20,000 ft rR = = 2500 ft
3.1416 3.1416

re 20,000
= = 8.0
rR 2500

(
2 2
)
−6 −6 3
(
b) ΔV = 3.1416 20,000 − 2500 ( 0.22 )( 60 ) "% 4 10 + 3 10 #& = 114,300 ft psi ) ( )
( )
c) VHC = 3.1416 25002 ( 60)( 0.22)(1 − 0.26) = 191.8 106 ft 3 ( )
191.8 (106 )
d) = 1678 psi
114,300
0.0002637 ( 24 )(100 ) t
e) t D = = 0.219t where, t is in days
( )
0.22 ( 0.30 ) 7 (10−6 ) ( 25002 )

f) B" = 1.119 ( 0.22 ) ( 7 (10 ) ) ( 2500 ) ( 60 )(1) = 646.2 bbl psi

−6 2
 g)
t tD WeD Δp WeDΔp We
100 21.9 12.91 50 645.5 417,000
200 43.8 19.95 50 997.5 644,600
400 87.6 27.04 50 1352.0 873,700
800 175.2 30.83 50 1541.5 996,100

h)

t! tD WeD Δp WeD Δp We*

0 0 0 0 0 0
100 21.9 12.91 −10 −129.1 −83,400
300 65.7 24.30 −10 −243.0 −157,000
700 153.3 30.41 −10 −304.1 −196,500
t ! = days after second pressure change, * to get total We , subtract these values from the
values in part g.

i)
t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
100 21.9 109.5 28.68 5 143.4
200 43.8 87.6 27.04 12 324.5
300 65.7 65.7 24.30 16 388.8
400 87.6 43.8 19.95 16 319.2
500 109.5 21.9 12.91 19 245.3
total=1421.2
We = 646.2 (1421.2 ) = 918,400 bbl

j)
t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
100 21.9 109.5 46.5 5 232.5
200 43.8 87.6 38.8 12 465.6
300 65.7 65.7 30.8 16 492.8
400 87.6 43.8 22.4 16 358.4
500 109.5 21.9 13.2 19 250.8
total=1800.1
We = 646.2 (1800.1) = 1,163,000 bbl (for the infinite aquifer)
t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
100 21.9 109.5 12.00 5 60.0
200 43.8 87.6 11.99 12 143.9
300 65.7 65.7 11.94 16 191.0
400 87.6 43.8 11.65 16 186.4
500 109.5 21.9 10.05 19 191.0
total=772.3
We = 646.2 (772.3) = 499,100bbl (for re rR = 5.0 )
k) at t D = 3, t = 3 0.219 = 14 days (for re rR = 5 )

at t D = 9, t = 9 0.219 = 41 days (for re rR = 8 )

(values of t D taken from WeD tables)

l) We ( max ) = 646.2 (31.5) = 20,355 bbl psi or 114,300 ft 3 psi

9.6 for the 5th period

t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
91.3 15 75 34.3 2.5 85.8
182.6 30 60 28.7 9.5 272.6
273.9 45 45 22.9 20.0 458.0
365.2 60 30 16.7 32.5 542.8
456.5 75 15 10.0 34.0 340.0
total=1699.2
We = 455 (1699.2) = 773,100 bbl

for the 6th period

t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
91.3 15 90 36.6 2.5 99.0
182.6 30 75 34.3 9.5 325.9
273.9 45 60 28.7 20.0 574.0
365.2 60 45 22.9 32.5 744.2
456.5 75 30 16.7 34.0 567.8
547.8 90 15 10.0 33.0 330.0
total=2640.9
We = 455 ( 2640.9) = 1,201,600 bbl
 19.6 (106 ) (19.6 + 686.9) (106 )
9.7 rR = = 2498 ft re = = 14,996 ft
3.1416 3.1416
re rR = 14,996 2498 = 6.0
0.0002637 ( 24 )(10.4 ) t
tD = = 0.00548t
( )
0.25 (1.098 ) 7.01(10−6 ) ( 24982 )

B" = 1.119 ( 0.25 ) ( 7.01(10 ) ) ( 2498 ) (10 )(1) = 122.4 bbl psi
−6 2

t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
182.6 1 6 5.148 40 205.9
365.2 2 5 4.539 60 272.3
547.8 3 4 3.893 94 365.9
730.4 4 3 3.202 186 595.6
913.0 5 2 2.447 110 269.2
1096.6 6 1 1.569 120 188.3
total=1897.2
We = 122.4 (1897.2) = 232,200 bbl

for the first two years

t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
182.6 1 4 3.893 40 155.7
365.2 2 3 3.202 60 192.1
547.8 3 2 2.447 94 230.0
730.4 4 1 1.569 186 291.8
total=869.6
We = 122.4 (869.6) = 106,400 bbl
9.8 van Everdingen - Hurst method

1350 ( 43560 ) 6 (1350 + 26,400 )( 43560 ) 6 = 48,050 ft

rR = = 10,600 ft re =
3.1416 3.1416
re rR = 48,050 10,600 = 4.5
0.0002637 ( 24 )( 275 ) t
tD = = 0.01145t
( )
0.21( 0.92 ) 7 (10 −6 ) (10,6002 )
" 60 #
B$ = 1.119 ( 0.21) ( 7 (10 ) ) (10,600 )( 30 ) %
−6
& = 924.1 bbl psi
' 360 (

for the 1st time period

t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
91.3 1.045 1.045 1.613 12.5 20.16
total=20.16
We = 924.1( 20.16) = 18,600 bbl

for the 2nd time period

t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
91.3 1.045 2.091 2.515 12.5 31.44
182.6 2.091 1.045 1.613 30.0 48.39
total=79.83
We = 924.1( 79.83) = 73,800 bbl

summary of calculations:

t We
91.3 18,600
182.6 73,800
273.9 167,300
365.2 297,100
456.5 455,400
Fetkovich method
 7 (10−6 ) (1 6 )( 3.1416 ) ( 48,0502 − 10,6002 ) ( 30 )( 0.21)( 2987 )
Wei = = 26.98 (106 )
5.615
0.00708 (1 6 )( 275 )( 30 )
J= = 13.895
0.92 (*ln ( 48050 10600 ) − 0.75)+
" 13.895 2987 91.3 #
( −$
( )( ) % )
26.98 (10 ) 6
, $$ 26.98(106 ) %% -
ΔWen = [ pn −1 − pRn ] ,1 − e & '
- = 1184 [ pn −1 − pRn ]
2987 , -
* +
( ∑ ΔWen )-
p n −1 = 2987 ,1 −
,* 26.98 (10 ) -+
6

pRn pn −1 − pRn ΔWe We pn

2987.0 0 0 0 2987.0
2974.5 12.5 14,800 14,800 2985.4
2944.5 40.9 48,430 63,230 2980.0
2904.5 75.5 89,390 152,620 2970.1
2859.5 110.6 130,950 283,570 2955.6
2815.0 140.6 166,470 450,040

1000 ( 43560 ) (1000 + 15,000 )( 43560 ) = 14,895 ft

9.9 rR = = 3724 ft re =
3.1416 3.1416

re rR = 14,895 3724 = 4.0

0.0002637 ( 24 )( 200 ) t
tD = = 0.0815t
( )
0.20 ( 0.8 ) 7 (10−6 ) ( 37242 )

B" = 1.119 ( 0.2 ) ( 7 (10 ) ) ( 3724 ) ( 40 )(1) = 869 bbl psi

−6 2

for the 1st 3 months

t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
91.3 7.44 7.44 5.322 16 85.2
total=85.2
We = 869 (85.2) = 74,000 bbl

for the 1st 6 months

t tD t *D WeD Δp WeD Δp
91.3 14.88 7.44 6.811 16 109.0
182.6 7.44 14.88 5.322 44 234.2
total=343.2
We = 869 (343.2) = 298, 200 bbl

summary of calculations:
t We
91.3 74,000
182.6 298,200
273.9 662,300
365.2 1,136,500
456.5 1,689,200

7 (10−6 ) (1)( 3.1416 ) (14,8952 − 37242 ) ( 40 )( 0.2 )( 4020 )

9.10 Wei = = 26.20 (106 )
5.615

0.00708 (1)( 200 )( 40 )

J= = 111.3
0.8 (*ln (14,895 3724 ) − 0.75)+
! 113.3 4020 91.3 "
( −#
( )( ) $ )
26.20 (106 ) , ## 26.20(106 ) $$ -
ΔWen = [ pn −1 − pRn ] ,1 − e & '
- = 5149 [ pn −1 − pRn ]
4020 , -
* +
( ∑ ΔWen )-
p n −1 = 4020 ,1 −
,* 26.20 (10 ) -+
6

pRn pn −1 − pRn ΔWe We pn

4020 0 0 0 4020
4004 16 82,400 82,400 4007.4
3960 47.4 244,100 326,500 3969.9
3895 74.9 385,700 712,200 3910.7
3815 95.7 492,800 1,205,000 3835.1
3725 110.1 566,900 1,771,900
 CHAPTER 10
0.0080 ( 2.5)(10 )
10.1 a) k = = 0.067 darcy
2.0 (1.5)

0.067 ( 2.5)( 2.0 )

b) q = = 0.0447 cc sec
0.75 (10 )

0.003 ( 2.5)(10 )
d) k 0 = = 0.019 darcy
2.0 ( 2.0 )

0.004 ( 0.75)(10 )
kw = = 0.0075 darcy
2.0 ( 2.0 )

19 7.5
f) k ro = = 0.28; k rw = = 0.11
67 67
k ro 19
g) = = 2.53
k rw 7.5
k ro k o k k o
h) = =
k rw k w k k w

10.2 a) and b) see plots below

c) 20 = ae−0.4b and .15 = ae−0.7b
solving for a and b, a = 13,620 and b = 16.3
the constants obtained from the regression of the data in Fig. 9.2 b) were:
a = 13,682 and b = 7.7038 ( 2.303) = 16.29
1
d) f w! = = 0.64
" 0.68 (1.05 ) #
1 + 4 $$ %%
& 3.4 (1.50 ) '
1
e) f w = = 0.56
! 0.68 "
1+ 4# $
% 3.4 &
0.70 − 0.25
f) recovery = = 0.643
0.70
0.70 − ( 0.10 1.35 )
g) recovery = = 0.89
0.70
h) At So = 0.20, krw = 0; therefore 20% of the least permeable pore space has no permeability.
At Sw = 0.75, krw = 0.36 and kro = 0; therefore the 75% least permeable pore space has 36% of
the permeability and so the other 25% has (100−36) or 64%.

1 1
10.3 a) f w = =
0.62 ! k o " !k "
1+ # $ 1 + 0.25 # o $
2.48 % k r & % kr &

Sw ko kw fw
0 - 0
0.10 - 0
0.20 - 0
0.30 30.0 0.118
0.40 8.75 0.314
0.50 1.83 0.686
0.60 0.55 0.879
0.70 0.14 0.966
0.80 0.02 0.995
0.90 0 1.000
1.0 0 1.000
fw vs Sw for Problem 10.3 a)

b)
Sw : .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80

df w dSw : 1.40 2.80 2.80 1.40 0.50 0.05

∂f w ∂S*w : 1.35 2.79 2.79 1.38 0.43 0.064

*from Eq. 10.17 (see part c))

Plot for Prob. 10.3 b)

 ∂f w b ( µ w µ o )( k o k w ) 3.25 ( k o k w )
c) = 2
= 2
∂Sw "1 + ( µ w µ o )( k o k w )# "$1 + 0.25 ( k o k w )#%
$ %
see table on previous page

Plot for Problem 10.3 c)

5.615 (1000 )100 ) df w df

d) x100 = = 62.4 w
0.18 ( 50,000 ) dSw dSw

df w df w
x 200 = 124.8 and x 400 = 249.6
dSw dSw

Sw df w dSw x100 x 200 x 400

.20 0 0 0 0
.30 1.35 84.2 168.5 337.0
.40 2.79 174.1 348.2 696.4
.50 2.79 174.1 348.2 696.4
.60 1.38 86.1 172.2 344.4
.70 0.43 26.8 53.7 107.3
.80 0.064 4.0 8.0 16.0
.90 0 0 0 0
f) see graph. Note that the recovery is the same at all three time periods.
recovery = 56% of initial oil-in-place
recovery = 69% of the recoverable oil-in-place
1
g) f w! = = 0.85
.17 " 0.62 #" 1.05 #
1+ $ %$ %
.17 & 2.48 '& 1.50 '
h) no

dr 5.615q# ! df w "
10.4 = $ %
dt φ2πrh ( dSw )

r 5.615q# ! df w " t
2∫ rdr = % dt
φπh ( dSw ) ∫0
rw
$

solving for r when rw is much smaller than r:

12
! 5.615q %t # df w $"
r=& ( )'
. φπh , dSw -/

10.5 a) with the gravity term:

! k ro "
1 − $(7.821(10 )( 400 )( 750,000 )( 62.4 )(.75 − .15 ) cos 70 %) && ''
fg = * 1.42 (10,000 ) +
k (.015 )
1+ 0
k g (1.42 )
1 − 2.116k ro
fg =
!k "
1 + 0.0106 & o '
&k '
* g+

without the gravity term:

1
fg =
!k "
1 + 0.0106 # o $$
#k
% g &
Sg ko kg k ro f g (with) f g (without)
.10 infinity 0.70 0 0
.15 12.5 0.52 −0.089 0.883
.20 5 0.38 0.186 0.950
.25 2.5 0.28 0.397 0.974
.30 1.176 0.20 0.570 0.988
.35 0.625 0.14 0.699 0.993
.40 0.333 0.11 0.765 0.996
.45 0.187 0.07 0.850 0.998
.50 0.100 0.04 0.914 0.999
see plot below

Plot for Problem 10.5 a)

 5.615 (10,000 )(100 ) ! df g " ! df g "
b) x = ## $$ = 49.9 ## $$
0.15 ( 750,000 ) % dSg & % dS g &
Sg: .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
- 5.0 4.0 2.9 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.0
! df g "
# $ (with):
% dS g &
x(with): - 249.5 199.6 144.7 109.8 89.8 69.9 49.9
2.4 .8 .3 .1 - - - -
! df g "
# $ (without):
% dS g &
x(without: 119.8 39.9 15.0 5.0 - - - -
see plot below

Plot for Problem 10.5 b)

c)
Without gravity term: 17.7% of initial oil
28.6% of recoverable oil

With gravity term: 50.1% of initial oil

80.8% of recoverable oil

k o !# dp $ "
10.6 υo = −0.001127 )+ , − 0.433γ o cos α *
µo /- dx .o 0

υw 0.001127 k w !$ dp % "
fw = =− )+ , − 0.433γ w cos α *
υt υt µ w /- dx .w 0

neglecting capillary pressures:

" dp # " dp # υo µo
' ( =' ( =− + 0.433γ o cos α
) dx *o ) dw *w 0.001127k o

0.001127 k w ! υo µo "
fw = − '− + 0.433γ o cos α − 0.433γ w cos α (
υt µ w ) 0.001127k o *

k oµw
multiply through by
k w µo

"k µ # υ " k #
f w ' o w ( = o − 4.88 (10−4 ) ' o ( cos α [ γ o − γ w ]
) k w µo * υt ) µo υ t *

υo
recognizing that = 1− fw ,
υt

" k #
1 − 4.88 (10−4 ) & o ' cos α [ γ o − γ w ]
fw = ) µ o υt *
kµ
1+ o w
k w µo

writing k o = k ro k and u t = q!t A

 " k #
1 + 4.88 (10−4 ) kA & ro ' [ γ w − γ o ] cos α
fw = ) µo q(t *
kµ
1+ o w
k w µo

10.7 α = 135°

" ko #
1 + 4.88 (10 −4 ) ( 500 )( 26,400 ) $$ %% [.2] cos135
& (1.6 )( 900 ) ' 1 − 0.633k ro
fw = =
"k # "k #
1 + 0.5 $ o % 1 + 0.5 $ o %
& kw ' & kw '
5.615 ( 900 )( 2400 ) " df w # " df w #
x= $ % = 184 $ %
0.25 ( 26, 400 ) & dSw ' & dSw '

Sw: .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90

fw(with): 0 0.065 0.207 0.465 0.725 0.892 0.991 1.000
! df g " 0 1.0 2.2 2.8 2.15 1.3 .5 0
## $$ (with):
% dSg &
x(with): 0 184 405 515 386 239 92 0

See plots on next page

Plot for Problem 10.7

Relative perm plot for Problem 10.7

Without gravity term: 59% of initial oil

69% of recoverable oil
With gravity term: 69% of initial oil
79% of recoverable oil
 CHAPTER 12
# N p $ ! Bo "
12.1 SL = Sw + (1 − Sw ) (1 − )& '
* N + , Boi -

kg ! µg Bg "
= ( R − R so ) $ %
ko & µo Bo '

SL : .957 .879 .827 .784 .747 .711

kg 0.00142 0.0121 0.0261 0.0444 0.0574 0.0793

:
ko

Plot for Problem 12.1