Correlation

Finding the relationship between two

quantitative variables without being able to
infer causal relationships

Correlation is a statistical technique used to

determine the degree to which two variables
are related
 Scatter diagram
• Rectangular coordinate
• Two quantitative variables
• One variable is called independent (X) and
the second is called dependent (Y)
• Points are not joined
• No frequency table Y
* *
*
X
 Example

Wt. 67 69 85 83 74 81 97 92 114 85
(kg)
SBP 120 125 140 160 130 180 150 140 200 130
(mmHg)
 Wt. 67 69 85 83 74 81 97 92 114 85
SBP(mmHg) (kg)
SBP 120 125 140 160 130 180 150 140 200 130
(mmHg)

220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80 wt (kg)
60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Scatter diagram of weight and systolic blood pressure

SBP(mmHg)
220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80
60 70 80 90 100 110 120Wt (kg)

Scatter diagram of weight and systolic blood pressure

Scatter plots

The pattern of data is indicative of the type of

relationship between your two variables:
 positive relationship

 negative relationship

 no relationship
Positive relationship
 18

16

14
Height in CM

12

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Age in Weeks
 Negative relationship

Reliability

Age of Car
No relation
The measures of correlation are
conventionally assigned values ranging -1
.to +1
means a PERFECT NEGATIVE 1-
CORRELATION
means a PERFECT POSITIVE 1+
CORRELATION
.value describes no correlation at all 0
 Perfect Positive Correlation
1+
Denotes that all of the individual performances
in X and Y have the same position . All points
are situated in a straight line . X increases as Y
increases. (Directly Proportional)
 Perfect Negative Correlation
1-
It is the exact opposite. X increases as Y
decreases. (Inversely Proportional)
 Simple Correlation coefficient (r)

 It is also called Pearson's correlation

or product moment correlation
coefficient.
 It measures the nature and strength
between two variables of
the quantitative type.
An agricultural research organization tested a
particular chemical fertilizers to try to find
out whether an increase in the amount of
fertilizer used would lead to a corresponding
.increases in the food supply

X Fertilizers 2 1 3 2 4 5 3
Y Bushels of 4 3 4 3 6 5 5
beans
 Steps in Computing Pearson
Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient
Find the sum of X and Y .1
Square all X and Y values .2
Sum X2 and Y2 .3

Multiply X and Y .4

Get the sum of the product XY .5

Apply Formula .6
 Formula
N  XY   X  Y
r
 N  X 2  ( X ) 2   N  Y 2  ( Y ) 2 

R = correlation between X and Y

X = sum of Test X
Y = Sum of test Y
XY = sum of the product of X and Y
N = number of cases
X2 = sum of squared X scores
Y2 = Sum of squared Y scores
X Y XY X2 Y2
2 4 8 4 16

1 3 3 1 9

3 4 12 9 16

2 3 6 4 9

4 6 24 16 36

5 5 25 25 25

3 5 15 9 25
 X Y XY X2 Y2
2 4 8 4 16

1 3 3 1 9

3 4 12 9 16

2 3 6 4 9

4 6 24 16 36

5 5 25 25 25

3 5 15 9 25

X = 20 Y = 30 XY = 93 X2 = 68 Y2 = 136
r = 0.811