KHANGCHENDZONGA NATIONAL PARK

SUNDERBAN NATIONAL PARK

KEOLADEO NATIONAL PARK

SUBMITTED BY-
AISHWARYA
JASMINE
LOVEPREET
PRINCY
SUBMITTED TO:-
YAIPHABA

DR. PARMENDRA SINGH

 KEOLADEO NATIONAL PARK

• Formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, the Keoladeo National Park is recognised as
one of the world’s most important bird breeding and feeding grounds. It originated in as a royal
hunting reserve during the 1850s and was a game reserve for Maharajas and the British. In fact,
Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943, shot over thousands of ducks with his hunting party in a si
ngle day! In 1982, Keoladeo was declared a national park and then later listed as a World Herit
age Site by UNESCO in 1985.
• The unique and favourable eco-system of the park serves a home to around 366 species of birds
, 379 flora and 50 fish species; other dwellers include snakes, lizards, turtles, and invertebrates.
During the winters, the park attracts a large number of local and migratory birds from all over t
he world. For the nature lovers, a visit to Keoladeo National Park is a must!
 HISTORY

• The sanctuary was created 250 years and is named as keoladeo [Shiva] temple within its boundaries in
itially it was a natural depression and was flooded after the ajan bund was constructed by Maharaja su
raj mal then the ruler of princely state of Bharatpur between 1726-1763 the bund was created at the co
nfluence of two rivers the Gambhir and the Banganga the park was a hunting ground forMaharajas of
Bharatpur a tradition dating back to 1850 and duck shoots organised yearly in honor of British viceroy
s
• The last shoot was organised in 1964 but the maharaja retained shooting rights until 1972 .The park w
as declared as World heritage site in 1985 under the heritage site convention
 SPECIES

• FLORA-Forest mostly in the north east of the national park are dominated by Kalam or Kadam ,jamu
n and babul The open woodland is mostly babul with a small amount of kandi
• BIRDS- This national park is a bird paradise since more than 370 species have been recorded in the p
ark birds present here are Warblers ,Siberian crane,Babblers,Bulbul,Bunting ,chats painted francolins a
nd quails ,Indian hornbill, and Marshall iora
• MAMMALS- The national park consist of 27 species Hanuman lanugur,nilgai,blackbuck,hotdeer, s
mall Indian mongoose and the common gray Indian mongoose are occasionally sited Cat species inclu
de jungle cat, leopard cat,fishing cat
• OTHER SPECIES- Fish fauna of the park comprises 43 species of which 37 enter the park along wi
th Ajan bund and six species are breeding residents the common monitor lizard Indian porcupine ,bi –
colored leaf nose bat have been seen in the same burrow Snakes such as Krait, cobra and Russell viper
 COMMON KNOCK BILLED
SIBERIAN CRANE PARAKEET DUCK

SAMBAR DEER NILGAI COBRA

How To Reach Keoladeo National Park

1.By Road : - Being located in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, Keoladeo National Park can be easily reached from
major cities like Delhi, Agra, Mathura, and Jaipur. Visitors can either opt for regular buses or hire private
vehicles to reach Keoladeo National Park.

2.By Train : - Keoladeo National Park is located around 5km from Bharatpur Junction. Visitors can reach
this railway junction by boarding regular trains from New Delhi, Mumbai, Mathura, Sawai Madhopur, Ko
ta, and several other major cities. Upon arrival at this junction, visitors can hire private taxis to reach Keol
adeo National Park.

3.By Air : - Agra has the nearest airport to Keoladeo National Park; with a total distance of 54km. This air
port has an adequate inflow of flights from cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Varanasi, Lucknow, and othe
rs. After arrival in Agra Airport, visitors can opt for regular buses or private vehicles to reach Keoladeo Na
tional Park. Delhi Airport can also be a good option for the flyers to reach Keoladeo National Park; distan
ce is around 184km.
 FACALITIES AVAILABLE

The location of the park is such that tourists visiting Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Jaipur invariably stop over at B
haratpur.
The park opens from sunrise to sunset around the year. Food and accommodation facilities are available withi
n the precincts of the park. The only accommodation inside the Keoladeo National Park is available in the p
roperty of government Bharatpur Ashoka Forest Lodge and lesser expensive Shanti Kutir, which is maintain
ed and run by the ITDC. Bharatpur Forest Lodge is a quaint hotel in the vicinity of natural treasure trove of
the park and has a total of 16 rooms to offer to visitors. Its circuit house and dak bungalow also offer good a
ccommodation options.
 Visitors coming to Bharatpur can also stay in palaces, havelis and other heritage properties converted into hot
els. It is always advisable to have one’s accommodation pre-booked, especially so during winters. An array
of 3 star hotels and resorts are also located in the vicinity of the park where visitors can stay cozily. [
 Normal tourism activities and self-arranged bird watching tours of the Keoladeo National Park, visitors can al
so opt for a tour of this birding destination by selecting from an array of luxury tourist train services. Luxur
y trains like Palace on Wheels include Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in its tour itinerary.
KHANGCHENDZNGA NATIONAL PARK
 KHANGCHENDZNGA NATIONAL PARK

• Khangchendzonga National Park of Sikkim, India, also popularly known as Kanchenjunga National
Park was declared as a UNESCO’s World Heritage Site on Mixed criteria by the 40th World Heritage
Committee in 2016, recognizing its significant natural and cultural heritage.

• Beautifully nestled in the heart of the Himalayan Range, this park has rich biodiversity and over 19
mountain peaks including the majestic Mt. Khangchendzonga (also called Kanchenjunga) towering at
a height of 8,586 metres making it the third highest in the world. Kanchenjunga National Park, is also
a biosphere reserve called Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve. The park got its name from the mountai
n Khangchendzonga as it has a religious connotation and thus, deeply revered by the local people.
 HISTORY

1849- The property is no longer considered the highest mountain in the world following the gre
at trigonometric survey
1955- First successful ascent of MT Khangchendzonga
1977- The national park is designated by the Indian state government
1997- The park was extended by 1784km
2000- The biosphere reserve is designated under the the UNESCO Man and Biosphere reserv
e
2010- The park is extended with the inclusion of a transition zone and the Sikkim biodiversity c
onservation and the forest protect is initiated
2016- The park is inscribed as a world heritage site under the cultural criteria and natural criteri
a
 SPECIES

FLORA- The vegetation of the park includes temperate broadleaf and mixed forest consisting of Oaks,
Fir ,birch ,Maple, Willow the vegetation of the park also includes alpine grasses and shrubs at higher a
ltitudes along with many medicinal plants and herbs
FAUNA- The park contains many mammal species including Musk deer,Snow leopard,Himalyan tahr,dh
ole,sloth bear viverrids,Himalyan ,black bear,red panda,tibetian,wild ass,himalyan blue sheep,serow,go
ral and takin as well as reptiles including rat snake and rusells viper
A recent study revealed that the dhole has become very rare in the area the wild dogs in this park are tho
ught to belong to the rare and genetically distinct subspecies
AVIFAUNA-
About 550 species of birds are found inside the park including blood pheasent,satyr, tragopan,osprey , Hi
malayan griffon, green pigeon ,Asian emerald cuckoo, sunbird and eagle , A new speciesof bird named
Himalayan forest thrush was found in 2016 its scientific name is Zoothera
VIVERID BLACK BEAR RED ALPINE

ASIAN EMRALD
OAKS GREEN PIGEON
CUKOO
How to Reach

•By Air – Nearest airport is Bagdogra airport, about 222 Km from the Khangchendzonga National Par
k. Bagdogra airport is well connected by road network to Khangchendzonga National Park.

•By Rail – Nearest railway station is Jalpaiguri railway station, about 221 Km from the Khangchendzo
nga National Park. Jalpaiguri railway station is well connected by road network to Khangchendzonga
National Park.

•By Road – Khangchendzonga National Park is well connected to Major Cities and Places by road net
work. There are a number of government and privately operated vehicles that go to Khangchendzonga
National Park. The nearest highway is the NH 31A via Sevlok-Gangtok
FACALITIES AVAILABLE

Most of the trekking routes starts from Yuksom (145 km (90 mi) from Gangtok in West Sikkim. Necessa
ry Permit can be obtained from the Wildlife Education and Interpretation center at Yuksom or from the
check post. State Tourism Department along with other travel agents organize treks to Dzongri (4,050
metres (13,290 ft)) and other places.
Foreign nationals require a restricted area permit from the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Indi
a, Delhi to visit the park and the associated region. Indian nationals are required to obtain an Inner Lin
e Permit from the State Home Department. Permission of the State Chief Wildlife Warden is also man
datory for everybody visiting the park. The important and popular routes are:
Lucanes Jakchen-Yabuk -Rest Camp (Marco Polo Camp) - Green Lake
Lachen-Thasngu(13,695 feet (4,174 m)) - Muguthang (16,000 feet (4,900 m)) - Thay La (17,000 feet (5,
200 m)) - Khyoksa La (18,000 feet (5,500 m)) - Rest Camp - Green Lake.
Most of these trekking routes pass through the Kanchenjunga National Park and is shown in the film Sin
galila in the Himalaya
 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Snowfall is heavy during the winter months and monsoon showers occur from May to mid-October.
CONCLUSION-
Tangible threats are comparatively low at this stage due to the described favourable combination of factors. Th
e current threats within the boundaries of Khangchendzonga National Park are known and appear manageab
le.
 Pressure for land use changes and hydropower development is much higher and does not meet a similarly hig
h level of legal obstacles. Arguably, the main concerns are related to the anticipated effects of climate chang
e
The World Heritage site would benefit from a better understanding of current and potential threats, underpinne
d by investment in human and financial resources beyond the current levels 
Local communities remain to be involved in decision-making in meaningful ways, which can be considered a
threat to the park by compromising critical relationships.
SUNDARBAN NATIONAL PARK
 SUNDARBAN NATIONAL PARK

• Sunderban national park is located in the state of West Bengal. It got its name from one of the mangr
ove plants known as Sundari . The Sundarbans are a part of the world’s largest delta formed by the ri
vers Ganges,Brahmaputra and Meghna. Sunderban is a vast area covering 4262 square kms in India a
lone, with a larger portion in Bangladesh. 2585 sq. kms of the Indian Sundarban forms the largest Tig
er Reserve and National Park in India.

• The core area of the park has it’s own natural boundaries with the river Matla on it’s West, the river
Haribhanga on it’s East, with Netidhopani and Gosba in the North.
 HISTORY
200-300AD- A ruin of a city build by ChandSadagarhas been found in the Baghmara Forest block during the m
ughal period the mughal period the Mughal period leased the forests of the Sunder bans to nearby residents
16-17C-Evidence of the fact has been traced from the ruins of Nethidhopani and other places scattered all over
sunder bans
1757-The propertionary rights were obtained from the mughal emperor Alamgir 2 by the British East India Co
mpany
1769-The legal status of the forest underwent a series of changes, including all the distinction of being the first
mangrove forest under the scientific management the area was mapped first in Persian by the Surveyor genera
l
1865-The remaining portion of forest were declared a reserve forest the following year and the forest which w
as so administered by the civil administration
1869- The first management division to have jurisdiction over the Sunder bans was established
1875- Large portion of the Mangrove forest was declared a reserve forest the following year and the forest wh
ich was so administered by the civil administration district was placed under the control of forest department
1879- The headquarters in Khulna ,Bangladesh the first management plan was written for the period
SPECIES

There are 58 species of mammals,55 species of reptiles and around 248 bird species
Sunder ban also harbor a good number of rare and globally threatened animals including Estuarine crocodile,
water monitor lizard,Fishing cat, Common otter,water monitor lizard,Gangetic dolphin ,river temperain,gre
en sea turtle
Hawksbill Turtle
 Six species of shark and ray are found here are included in a schedule which are found here
 MAMMALS-
 Wild boars
 Spotted dear
 Porcupines
 Rhesus macaque
 BIRDS-
 Small minivet
 Black hooded oriole
 Swamp fricolin’
 Brown fish owl
 WILD BOAR SPOTTED DEER PORCUPINE

Black hooded oriole Green sea turtle Small minvet

HOW TO REACH

•By Air : The nearest airport to the Sunderban National Park is Netaji Subhash International Airport at
Dumdum, Kolkata, which is on an average 112 kilometers away from the National Park.

•By Rail : The nearest railway station link is Canning. It is approximately 48 kilometers away from th
e Sunderban National Park.
•By Road : A well-laid network of roadways interface Kolkata to Sunderbans with a proximate distanc
e of 110 kms ..

•By Waterways : Sunderbans are mostly approached by riverine transportation and are adopted as the
best way to connect. Motorboats to travel to Sunderbans can be hired from Namkhana, Sagar Island, S
ajnekhali, Sonakhali and Raidighi
 FACALITIES AVAILABLE

Nothing beats Sunder bans when it comes to a jungle trip. Just the fact that you are put up in a place which is home to the Royal Bengal Tigers is an exp
erience in itself. A visit to Sunder ban Tiger Camp was a lifetime experience

The spectacular views of the majestic forests , crocodiles resting on the banks , the ever cautious monkeys & the odd deer looking up at you , yet wary o
f the tiger that might pounce on it any moment is an experience one would always cherish.

The resort is neat and very well maintained. The rooms are charming and so is the pleasant natured staff. The food could have been a bit better. The crui
ses in the creeks and the visit to the watch towers are on launches organised by the resort. A folk dance in the evening and folk lores about the majest
ic beast adds on to the fantastic stay.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS- Sunder bans is a very humid area, due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal. Summers in Sunder bans start from March an
d continue until May. It is usually very hot during summers, when the mercury can soar up to 42 degrees C. On the other hand, winters in the area ar
e very cool, when the temperature drops to around 9.2 degrees C. The maximum temperature during winters doesn’t go beyond 30 degrees C. Sunder
bans receives heavy rainfall, from mid-June to mid-September. If you want to have a memorable weekend getaway in Sunder bans, then it is suggest
ed to visit the place anytime between November and March.

CONCLUSION-

In spite of having so many challenges, the way that Sundarbans is managing by the Island local peoples and West Bengal Forest department are really p
raiseworthy. Though there are a lot of differences in the habits and habitat the Royal Bengal Tiger and our lovely Sangai, we find many similar probl
ems between the Sundarbans National Park and our Lamjao National Park. The thought and approaches here in our Manipur is much different from t
he villagers in and around the Sundarbans and also the adjoining border peoples of the two nations. Let’s learn something from Sundarbans for the f
uture of the Wild life and also for our lovely Sangai for the sack of humanity.
THANK YOU