Forces and Newton’s First

Law of Motion
 Forces and Newton’s First Law of Motion
 1. A picture
frame that weighs 8.0 N is supported by
two wires with tensions and as shown in the figure.
Find the magnitude of each tension.

NOTE! Because the picture frame

Free-Body Diagram:
does not accelerate, the net force
acting on it must  ⃗
be zero. In other
𝑇2 𝑇1
words, the sum of all60ᴼthe forces 30ᴼ  ⃗
acting on the frame must be equal to
zero!
  𝑤
⃗

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Forces and Newton’s First Law of Motion
 1. A picture
frame that weighs 8.0 N is supported by
two wires with tensions and as shown in the figure.
Find the magnitude of each tension.
+ 

 𝑻 𝟏 𝒙 +𝑻 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑭 𝒈𝒙 =𝒐  𝑻 𝟏 𝒚 +𝑻 𝟐 𝒚 + 𝑭 𝒈𝒚 = 𝒐
 cos 30° - cos 60° + 0 = 0  sin 30° + sin 60° - 8N = 0
  =  sin 30° + ) sin 60° - 8N = 0

 = 4.0 N
 = 6.9 N

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

Mass and Newton’s Second
Law of Motion
 Mass and Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
 2. Suppose that your mass is 80 kg,
and you are standing on a scale
fastened to the floor of an elevator.
The scale measures force and is
calibrated in Newtons. What does the
scale read when (a) the elevator is
rising with upward acceleration of
magnitude a; (b) the elevator is
descending with downward
acceleration of magnitude a’, (c) the
elevator is rising at 20 m/s and its
speed is decreasing at a rate of 8.0 .

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Mass and Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
Solving a . . . Applying the condition for the 2 Law nd

Free-Body Diagram: 𝜮  ⃗
𝑭 =𝒎 𝒂⃗
𝜮
  𝑭 𝒚 =𝒎𝒂 𝒚
 𝑭 𝒏 − 𝑭 𝒈=𝒎 𝒂 𝒚
 𝑭 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒈=𝒎 𝒂 𝒚
𝑭𝒏
 ⃗  𝑭 𝒏=𝒎 𝒂 𝒚 +𝒎𝒈

𝑭  𝒏=𝒎(𝒂¿¿ 𝒚+𝒈)¿
𝑭
 ⃗
𝒈
This is the reading on the scale (your
apparent weight): Heavier

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Mass and Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
Solving b . . .
Applying the condition for the 2nd Law
𝜮  ⃗
𝑭 =𝒎 𝒂⃗
𝜮
  𝑭 𝒚 =− 𝒎 𝒂 ′ 𝒚
 𝑭 𝒏 − 𝑭 𝒈=− 𝒎𝒂 𝒚

 𝑭 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒈=− 𝒎 𝒂 𝒚

 𝑭 𝒏=− 𝒎 𝒂 𝒚 +𝒎𝒈

𝑭
  𝒏=𝒎(𝒈 − 𝒂¿¿ 𝒚)¿

This is the reading on the scale (your

apparent weight): Lighter

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Mass and Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
Solving c . . .
 The velocity is positive but decreasing, so the
acceleration is negative. Thus, ,Substitute into the Part-
(a) :
𝜮  ⃗
𝑭 =𝒎 𝒂⃗
𝜮
  𝑭 𝒚 =𝒎𝒂 𝒚
𝑭  𝒏=𝒎(𝒈+𝒂 ¿¿ 𝒚)¿
𝟐 𝟐
 𝑭 𝒏=𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒈 (𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 𝐦 / 𝒔 − 𝟖 . 𝟎 𝐦 / 𝒔 )
𝑭
  𝒏=𝟏𝟒𝟒 . 𝟖 𝑵
Independent of whether the elevator is ascending or descending, if its acceleration
is upward you would expect to “feel heavier” and expect your apparent weight to
be greater than mg. This is in keeping with the Part-(a) result. If its acceleration is
downward you would expect to “feel lighter” and expect your apparent weight to
be less than mg. The results for Parts (b) and (c) are in agreement with these
Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition
expectations.
 Mass and Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
As your jet plane speeds down the
  NOTE: Both the yo-yo and plane
runway on takeoff, you decide to
have the same
determine acceleration.soThe
its acceleration, you
takenetout
force
youronyo-yo
the yo-yo
and is in the
note that
direction
when of its acceleration—to
you suspend it, the string
the right.
makes This force
an angle is supplied
of 22.0° with the by
the horizontal
vertical as shown component of the(a)
in the figure.
Whattension
is the force . The vertical
acceleration of the
component
plane? (b) If theofmassbalances
of thethe
yo-yo is
gravitational
40.0 g, what isforce on thein
the tension yo-yo.
the
string?

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Mass and Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
(a) What is the acceleration of the
plane?
Draw the free-body diagram for the yo-yo: 𝜮⃗
 𝑭 =𝒎 𝒂⃗
X- component : Y- component :

  θ 𝜮
  𝑭 𝒙 =𝒎 𝒂𝒙 𝜮
  𝑭 𝒚 =𝒎𝒈
𝑻❑
 ⃗ 𝑻
  𝒙 + 𝑭 𝒈𝒙=𝒎 𝒂 𝒙 𝑻
  𝒚 + 𝑭 𝒈𝒙 = 𝒎𝒈
𝑻
  𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽+𝟎=𝒎 𝒂 𝒙 𝑻
  𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒎𝒈=𝟎
𝑻
  𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽=𝒎 𝒂 𝒙  𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽= 𝒎𝒈
𝑭
 ⃗
𝒈   =
𝑻
𝒎 𝒂𝒙
  =
𝑻
𝒎𝒈
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

Equating the two equations, we get

𝒎𝒂
𝒂
  𝒙 = 𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝒎𝒈
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐
𝜽 𝒂
  𝒙 =(𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏𝒎 / 𝒔 )𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟐ᴼ
  𝒙 =𝟑 . 𝟗𝟔 𝒎 / 𝒔 The acceleration of the
𝟐
𝒂
Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition plane, +x direction
 Mass and Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
(b) If the mass of the yo-yo is 40.0 g, what is the
tension in the string?

Using the step-3 result, solve for the tension:

𝒎𝒈
  =
𝑻
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝑻 =( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈 ) ¿ ¿
 

𝑻  =𝟎 . 𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝑵

PRACTICE PROBLEM For what acceleration magnitude a would the tension in the string be equal
to 3.00 mg? What is in this case?
Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition
Newton’s Third Law of
Motion
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
Applying Newton’s Laws to Problems with Two or More Objects
PICTURE Remember to draw a separate free-body diagram for each object.
The unknowns can be obtained by solving simultaneous equations.
SOLVE
1. Draw a separate free-body diagram for each object. Use a separate coordinate
system for each object. Remember, if two objects touch, the forces they exert on each
other are equal and opposite (Newton’s third law).
2. Apply Newton’s second law to each object.
3. Solve the resultant equations, together with any equations describing interactions
and constraints, for the unknown quantities.
CHECK Make sure your answer is consistent with the free-body diagrams
that you have created.

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
 1.Paul (mass ) accidentally falls off
the edge of a glacier as shown in the
figure. Fortunately, he is connected
by a long rope to Steve (mass ),
who has a climbing ax. Before Steve
sets his ax to stop them, Steve slides
without friction along the ice,
attached by the rope to Paul. Assume
there is no friction between the rope
and the glacier. Find the
acceleration of each person and
the tension in the rope.

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Solution:
Draw separate free-body diagrams for Steve and Paul

𝑭  𝒏
⃗
𝑻  𝟐
⃗

𝑻  𝟏
⃗ 𝑭  𝒈𝒑
⃗
𝑭  𝒈𝒔
⃗ 𝒂⃗ 

Steve Paul

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
choosing the direction of Steve’s acceleration as the +x direction.
Choose the direction of Paul’s acceleration as the +x’ direction.
 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝜮 𝑭 𝒙 =𝒎 𝒂 𝒙 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐯𝐞 , 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
 𝜮 𝑭 𝒙 =𝒎 𝒂𝒙  𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝜮 𝑭 𝒙 ′ =𝒎 𝒂 𝒑𝒙 ′ 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐚𝐮𝐥 , 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
 𝑻  𝜮 𝑭 𝒙 ′ =𝒎 𝒂 𝒙 ′
𝟏 𝒙 − 𝑭 𝒈𝒔𝒙 =𝒎 𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒙
 𝑻 𝟐 𝒙 ′ + 𝑭 𝒈𝒑𝒙 ′ = 𝒎 𝒑 𝒂 𝒑𝒙 ′

𝑭  𝒏
⃗
𝑻  𝟐
⃗

θ
𝑻  𝟏
⃗ 𝑭  𝒈𝒑
⃗
θ 𝑭  𝒈𝒔
⃗ 𝒂⃗ 
Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
choosing the direction of Steve’s acceleration as the +x direction.
Choose the direction of Paul’s acceleration as the +x’ direction.
 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝜮 𝑭 𝒙 =𝒎
  𝒂 𝒙 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐯𝐞 , 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
Because the rope is of negligible mass and
 𝜮 𝑭 𝒙 =𝒎 𝒂 slides over the ice with 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝜮 𝑭 𝒙friction,
negligible ′ =𝒎 𝒂 𝒑𝒙the′ 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐚𝐮𝐥 , 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
𝒙
 𝑻 − 𝑭 forces and
𝒂 are  𝜮 𝑭Express
simply related. ′ =𝒎 𝒂
this
𝟏𝒙 Because
𝒈𝒔𝒙 =𝒎they𝒔 are
𝒔𝒙connected by a taut𝒙 rope that 𝒙does
′ not
T2 =relation:
stretch, the accelerations  𝑻
Tof1 Paul
= Tand+Steve 𝑭 are = 𝒎 𝒂
related.
  𝟐 𝒙′ 𝒈𝒑𝒙 ′ 𝒑 𝒑𝒙
Express this relation:
 
  𝑎 𝑝𝑥𝒑 ′ = 𝑎𝑠𝑥 =𝑎❑
𝒎 𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 +𝒎
 
𝒂= 𝒈
𝒎 𝒔 +𝒎 𝒑  Expression for the acceleration.

  𝒎𝒔 𝒎 𝒑
𝑻= (𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 θ) 𝒈
𝒎 𝒔+ 𝒎 𝒑  Expression for the Tension.
Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
 Find the acceleration and the tension if θ = 15.0 ᴼand if the masses are
and
Substituting the values, we get
  𝒎 𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 +𝒎 𝒑   𝒎𝒔 𝒎 𝒑
  𝒂= 𝒎 𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 +𝒎 𝒑 𝒈 𝑻= (𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 θ) 𝒈
𝒂= 𝒎 𝒎 𝒔+ 𝒎 𝒑
𝒔 +𝒎 𝒑 𝒈  Expression for the
𝒎 𝒔 +𝒎 𝒑for the acceleration.
Expression
Tension.
  𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟓 +𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝒈
𝒂= ¿
𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝒈 + 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝒈
𝟐   𝒎𝒔 𝒎 𝒑
𝒂=𝟔 . 𝟒𝟐𝟗 𝒎/ 𝒔
  𝑻=
𝒎 𝒔+ 𝒎 𝒑
(𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 θ) 𝒈
  ( 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝒈 ) ( 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝒈 )
𝑻= ( 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟓 . 𝟎 ᴼ ) 𝟗 .𝟖𝟏 𝒎 / 𝒔𝟐
𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝒈+𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝒈
𝑻=𝟑𝟎𝟔.𝟗𝟐
 
𝑵
Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition
Friction
 Friction
 1. A cruise-ship
passenger uses a shuffleboard cue to push a shuffleboard
disk of mass 0.40 kg horizontally along the deck so that the disk leaves the
cue with a speed of 8.5 The disk then slides a distance of 8.0 m before
coming to rest. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the disk and
the deck.
Remember:
Free-Body The coefficient 𝜮
of𝑭 kinetic
𝒚 =𝒎𝒂 friction relates the
𝒚
Diagram: magnitudes of the frictional and normal forces:
  𝑭 𝒏 − 𝑭 𝒈 =𝟎
 𝒇 𝒌 = 𝝁 𝒌 𝑭 𝒏
  𝑭 𝒏= 𝑭 𝒈
 ⃗
𝒇𝒌 𝑭𝒏
 ⃗
⃗𝒗  Thus,
 𝒇 𝒌 =𝝁 𝒌 𝑭 𝒈
𝑭
 ⃗
𝒈  𝒇 = 𝝁 𝒌 𝒎𝒈❑
𝒌

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Friction
 1. A cruise-ship
passenger uses a shuffleboard cue to push a shuffleboard
disk of mass 0.40 kg horizontally along the deck so that the disk leaves the
cue with a speed of 8.5 The disk then slides a distance of 8.0 m before
coming to rest. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the disk and
the deck.
Free-Body  𝜮 𝑭 𝒙 =𝒎 𝒂𝒙
Diagram: −
  𝒇 𝒌 =𝒎 𝒂 𝒙

 − 𝝁𝒌 𝒎𝒈 =𝒎 𝒂 𝒙
 ⃗
𝒇𝒌 𝑭𝒏
 ⃗
⃗𝒗   𝒂 𝒙 =− 𝝁𝒌 𝒈
𝑭
 ⃗
𝒈

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Friction
 1. A cruise-ship
passenger uses a shuffleboard cue to push a shuffleboard
disk of mass 0.40 kg horizontally along the deck so that the disk leaves the
cue with a speed of 8.5 The disk then slides a distance of 8.0 m before
coming to rest. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the disk and
the deck.
Solving for the acceleration, we recall
Free-Body 𝟐 𝟐
 𝒗 𝒙 = 𝒗 𝒐𝒙 +𝟐 𝒂 𝜟 𝒙
Diagram:
𝟐
 𝟎 =𝒗 𝒐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝝁 𝒌 𝒈 𝜟 𝒙
  𝒗 𝒐𝒙 𝟐
𝑭𝒏
 ⃗ 𝝁𝒌 =
 ⃗
𝒇𝒌 𝟐 𝒈 𝜟 𝒙
⃗𝒗 
  𝒎 𝟐
(𝟖 . 𝟓 )
𝒔
𝑭
 ⃗
𝒈
𝝁𝒌 = 𝟐
𝟐 (𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 𝒎 / 𝒔 )(𝟖 . 𝟎 𝒎 )

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Friction
 1. A cruise-ship
passenger uses a shuffleboard cue to push a shuffleboard
disk of mass 0.40 kg horizontally along the deck so that the disk leaves the
cue with a speed of 8.5 The disk then slides a distance of 8.0 m before
coming to rest. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the disk and
the deck.
Solving for the coefficient of friction:
Free-Body
  𝒎 𝟐
Diagram: (𝟖 . 𝟓
𝒔
)
𝝁𝒌 = 𝟐
𝟐 (𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 𝒎 / 𝒔 )(𝟖 . 𝟎 𝒎 )

 ⃗
𝒇𝒌 𝑭𝒏
 ⃗  𝝁𝒌 =𝟎 . 𝟒𝟔
⃗𝒗   the coefficient of
friction.
𝑭
 ⃗
𝒈

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

Dynamics of Circular
Motion
 Dynamics of Circular Motion

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Dynamics of Circular Motion
A curve of radius 3.0 m is banked at an angle θ.
That is, the normal to the road surface makes an
angle of 30.0° with the vertical. Find θ such that
a car can round the curve at 40.0 km/h even if
the road is coated with ice, making the road
essentially frictionless.
Solution:

Draw a free-body diagram for the car

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Dynamics of Circular Motion
Cont…
  Apply to the car.
  𝑭 𝒏𝒚 − 𝑭 𝒈 =𝟎
 𝑭 𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 θ − 𝒎𝒈= 𝟎
  𝒎𝒈
𝑭 𝒏=
𝒄𝒐𝒔 θ

  Apply to the car.

  𝒗𝟐
𝑭 𝒏=𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 θ 𝒓

Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition

 Dynamics of Circular Motion
Cont…

Equating the two equations, we get:

  𝒎𝒈   𝒗𝟐
𝑭 𝒏=
𝒄𝒐𝒔 θ
𝑭 𝒏=𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 θ 𝒓
=
   
θ=𝒕𝒂𝒏
−𝟏
[
𝒗𝟐
]
𝒓𝒈
  𝒌𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝟏𝒉
  𝒔𝒊𝒏 θ 𝒗 𝟐
θ =𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
(
[ 𝟒𝟎 . 𝟎
𝒉
𝒙) (
𝟏 𝒌𝒎
𝒙 ) (
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔
] )
= [ 𝟐
(𝟑𝟎 . 𝟎 𝒎)(𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 𝒎 / 𝒔 )
𝒄𝒐𝒔 θ 𝒓𝒈
  𝒗𝟐  θ =𝟐𝟐 .𝟖 ᴼ
𝒕𝒂𝒏 θ =
𝒓𝒈
Tepler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6 th Edition