ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
Research project – By Sargunpreet Kaur Jassal
 What is A.I.?

Artificial Intelligence is the branch of Computer Science that is associated

with the concept of machines “thinking like humans” to perform various
tasks.
But in simple words I think it means – “Machines becoming smart.”
AI began with a very simple question asked
HISTOTuring after the World War 2 –
by Alan “Can Machines
RY O
Think?”
AND F AI
OBJE IT’STuring's paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“
CT IV
(1950), and it'sESsubsequent Turing Test, established the fundamental goal
and vision of artificial intelligence.
 Early Development of A.I. – “The Conference
that started it all”
• Alan Turing was a young British polymath
who explored the mathematical possibility of
artificial intelligence. Turing suggested that
humans use available information as well as
reason in order to solve problems and make
decisions, so why can’t machines do the
same thing? This was the logical framework
of his 1950 paper, Computing Machinery
and Intelligence in which he discussed how
to build intelligent machines and how to test
their intelligence.
The Birth of A.I –
“Dartmouth
Conference 1956”
(New Hampshire, USA)
Five years later Allen Newell,
Cliff Shaw, and Herbert
Simon proved Turing’s
concept in the Logic Theorist.
The Logic Theorist was a
program designed to mimic
the problem-solving skills of a
human and was considered
the first Ai program. It was
presented at the Dartmouth
Summer Research Project on
Artificial Intelligence (DSRPAI)
hosted by John McCarthy and
Marvin Minsky
 LISP LANGUAGE DEVELOPED BY MCKARTHY

LISP, an acronym for list processing, is

a programming language that was
designed for easy manipulation of data
strings. It is a commonly used language
for artificial intelligence programming ,
developed by John McCarthy. It is one
of the oldest programming languages
still in relatively wide use.
 The current study of AI is classified
Present A.I. into 2 broad types –
• ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence) -
Sometimes referred to as "Weak AI," this
kind of artificial intelligence operates within
a limited context. It is often focused
on performing a single task extremely well.
• AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) -  AGI,
sometimes referred to as "Strong AI," is the
kind of artificial intelligence we see in the
movies, like the robots from Star Trek: The
Next Generation. AGI is a machine with
general intelligence and, much like a human
being, it can apply that intelligence to solve
any problem. 
ANI (MACHINE LEARNING)
Machine learning feeds a computer data and uses statistical techniques
to help it "learn" how to get progressively better at a task, without
having been specifically programmed for that task, eliminating the need
for millions of lines of written code. Some Examples:
AGI (MACHINE
INTELLIGENCE)
AGI is currently fiction with
only some working
prototypes. As the name
applies it’s goal is to create a
machine with human-level
intelligence that can be
applied to any task . AGI also
includes the development of
robots. Example:
Sophia robot
EXAMPLES OF AGI
In October 2017,
Sophia is a social humanoid
robot developed by Hong Kong- Sophia "became"
based company Hanson Robotics. a Saudi Arabian
citizen, the first
robot to receive
citizenship of any
country.
• FESTO robotics (Live
animals): -
• Bat
• Kangaroo
• Spider
• Dragonfly
• Butterflies etc.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AGI AND ANI
ANI
• Specializes in one task and is capable of
solving one particular problem.
• Examples:
• Siri
• Alexa
• Cortona
AGI
• Is as smart a human being across various
activities.
• Examples:
• Prosthetics
• Robotics
 A THIRD TYPE –
“ASI”
ASI is the far off future of AI. ASI
means machine consciousness or
making a machine much smarter
than a human brain which excels at
everything.
Artificial super intelligence (ASI), is
the hypothetical AI that doesn't just
mimic or understand human
intelligence and behaviour; ASI is
where machines become self-aware
and surpass the capacity of human
intelligence and ability.
CHALLENGES WITH AI • Human mind is quite complex and
recreating it with algorithms is not
OR ASI easy ,.. That is why self-conscious
machines are not yet possible.
• The amount of power and storage
required by Artificially intelligent
machines is huge and to develop
them further we need a bigger
storage and faster processing speed.
• The data is a very important aspect of
AI, and labeled data is used to train
machines to learn and make
predictions. Some companies are
trying to innovate new
methodologies and are focused on
creating AI models that can give
accurate results despite the scarcity
of data.
 • My interest in AI began with
MY OPINION – prosthetics. The aspect to
make amputees who have
1.)WHY I LIKE lost their limbs to some
A.I. (USE OF AI disease or otherwise be able
to feel again.
TO DEVELOP • This is because I hold a
PROSTHETICS) personal interest in the
subject due to one of my
family members.
• Then soon I started
exploring. But what really
piqued my attention was
artificial forearms and
movement of artificial
hands.
FOR EXAMPLE: OPEN • This is a mind controlled
BIONICS HERO ARM robotic arm that uses
ultrasound waves to read
muscle signals and converts
them to electrical commands.
• This arm is the first medically
approved prosthetic arm.
• Developed by a relatively new
starter Company – Open
Bionics in Bristol, UK.
• It’s parts are 3d printed and
the sockets are custom fit for
its users.
WHY I FEEL THIS IS
This is important to me
IMPORTANT… because I feel this can
change people’s lives.
Many people take typing a
keyboard for granted but
Imagine missing a hand or
an arm, then would the
task feel the same ?
Prosthetics could literally
save and turn around
people’s lives that is why I
believe this research has a
very significant impact.
ANOTHER REASON
WHY I LOVE AI

SPACE EXPLORATION:
For me, my favorite subject is
astronomy and as such my interest
in AI comes from space exploration
– sending robots to other planets
to explore and gather information.
Example: JUNO spacecraft fixed
itself in the orbit of Jupiter in the
year 2016 and carried various
instruments onboard.
CONCLUSION
AI in my opinion if used justly and wisely can help a
lot of people and improve our overall living
conditions. Today, robot development spreads
across many different sectors : -
Agriculture, medical industry, transportation,
telecommunications, security, space exploration
etc. Nowadays technology has made its way into
every nook and cranny of our lives. And developing
it could make our lives more comfortable. I believe
that AI in the future will act more like a friend and
living being than an inanimate machine. We have
come a long way but there is still long, long way to
go.
 • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence 
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwsrzCVZAb8 
• https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence 
• https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence 
LIST OF • https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-everything-you-need-to-know-a
bout-artificial-intelligence/

SOURCES:  
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0dMTAQM4cw 
• https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/
• https://mksaad.files.wordpress.com/2020/02/types-of-artificial-intelligenc
e.jpg?crop
• https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/LISP-list-processing#:~:text=LISP
%2C%20an%20acronym%20for%20list,still%20in%20relatively%20wide%2
0use
.
• https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-artificial-general-intelligence/