Teknologi Dan Rekayasa

HAND TOOLS
 RULES AND TAPES

 Objective :
After studying this unit, the student should be
able to :
 Identify and describe the types of rules
 Select and use a rule properly
 Use the correct tape to make inside, outside
and circumference measurement.
 RULES AND TAPES

 The common measuring tools used by the worker

are the zig-zag or folding rule, the circumference
rule, the push-phull steel tape, and the 50 or 100
foot steel tape
 All linear measurement tools are calibrated in
graduation of 1/16, 1/8, ¼, ½ inch, and full inches.
The angular measurement tools are calibrated in
degrees or one half degrees (30 minutes)
 ZIG-ZAG RULE
 The the zig-zag rule is made of wood or steel and
aluminum in 3 to 8 foot lengths, and it may have
outside or inside readings. The worker prefers to use
the inside reading rule because it lies flat and close to
the work.
 This increases accuracy in lay out work. The carpenter
uses the outside reading rule. For convenience in
reading, many rule use red numbers for the foot
marks and black for the inch divisions. Likewise,
standard stud spacing (16 inches) is shown in large
numbers.
ZIG-ZAG RULE
AXIS
 HOW TO USE THE ZIG-ZAG RULE

1. Hold the rule in one hand and unfold the sections

one at a time until the decimal length is obtained.
Caution :
Place a drop of oil at each joint to avoid breaking
the rule when unfolding.
2. Place the unfolded rule flat on the metal surface
3. Adjust the end to the starting point of measurement
4. Mark the desired length with a scratch awl.
 HOW TO USE THE ZIG-ZAG RULE

1. Hold the rule in one hand and unfold the sections

one at a time until the decimal length is obtained.
Caution :
Place a drop of oil at each joint to avoid breaking
the rule when unfolding.
2. Place the unfolded rule flat on the metal surface
3. Adjust the end to the starting point of measurement
4. Mark the desired length with a scratch awl.
 CIRCUMFERENCE RULE

 The circumference rule is a standard rule

used by all types workers. It is used not only
in measurement, but also in the lay out of
straight lines on flat and curved surfaces.
 This rule comes in lengths of 36 and 48
inches. Its width is 1¼ inches. On one edge
the inch scale is graduated in sixteenths,
and on the opposite edge the circumference
lengths are graduated in eighths.
 CIRCUMFERENCE RULE

 The reverse side of the rule has formulas for

calculating circumference and areas and
tables for laying out measures and cans of
various capacities.
 HOW TO USE THE CIRCUMFERENCE RULE

1. Use the rule for straight line measurement as outlined

for the zig-zag rule.
2. For line layout, place the edge of the rule at two
measured points and draw a line with scratch awl.
3. To measure a circumference, locate the diameter on
the inch scale and read directly below it on the other
edge.
4. Lay off the circumference length, starting from the zero
end of the rule to the length located in step 3.
 THE PUSH-PULL STEEL TAPE
 The Push-pull steel tape is manufactured for the
convenience of the worker. It fits easily into a pocket or
tool kit. Push-pull can be obtained in lengths of 6, 8, 10,
and 12 feet and widths of ¼, ½, 5/8 and ¾ inches.
 Some tapes having spring rewinds, but others must be
hand operated. The end of the tape is usually fitted with a
steel hook for ease in taking measurements.
 The inch scale, usually on both edges of one side only, is
customarily in sixteenths.
 Some tapes, however, are graduated in thirty seconds for
the first six inches.
 THE PUSH-PULL STEEL TAPE

 The winding case has a flat

bottom of a definite length for
accurate inside
measurements.
 Some have a small red
pointer to indicate the direct
reading.
 The flexibility of this tape
makes it suitable for
measuring curved and round
surface.
 HOW TO TAKE AN INSIDE MEASUREMENT

1. Put the end of the tape against one side of the

opening. Uncoil the tape across the opening toward
the opposite side.
2. Hold the tape at the starting position and continue
extending it until the outer edge of the case butts
against the opposite side of the opening.
3. Add the width of the tape case usually 2 inches to the
reading. Another type of pocket rule allows direct
reading of the inside measurement by a small red
pointer.
 HOW TO TAKE AN OUTSIDE MEASUREMENT

1. Pull the tape from the case until it projects enough to

permit measuring the required distance.
2. Hook the end of the tape over the end of the object to
be measured.
3. Read the measurement on the tape according to the
graduation which lines up with the point being
measured.
 HOW TO MEASURE THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF
A CYLINDER

1. Pull the tape out a short distance and hold the end
close to the cylinder.
2. Pull the tape around the cylinder as if wrapping it. Hold
the end in a fixed position as you uncoil the tape from
the case. Completely encircle the cylinder with the tape
so that it goes beyond the point where it first made
contact with the surface of the cylinder,
3. Note which graduations are in line where the tape
crosses at the starting point. If the 1 inch and 7 inch
graduations are in line the circumference is found by
subtracting the 1 inch reading from the 7 inch reading.
Therefore, 6 inches is the circumference measurement.