CRACKING

submitted by:
submitted by:
Soma Khalid.
Soma Khalid.
Submitted to: Lulav Saeed.
Submitted to: Lulav Saeed.
Mr. Yousif M. Sharif Media Hassan.
Mr. Yousif
1 M. Sharif Media Hassan.
Hallat Hamza.
Hallat Hamza.
 Introduction

Objective

The importance of cracking

Overview The uses of cracking

Type of cracking

Summary

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Introduction:
 Crude oil is a multicomponent mixture consisting of more than
compounds. Petroleum refining refers to the separation as well as
reactive processes to yield various valuable products.
Crude oil is separated into its different components by a process
called fractional distillation. The products of fractional
distillation are often converted into other, even more useful
hydrocarbons by a process called cracking.

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What is cracking:
Cracking: Cracking is a technique used in oil refineries whereby
large and complex hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into
smaller and lighter components that are more useful for
commercial or consumer use. Cracking is a critical stage in the
process of refining crude oil.
Objective Of Cracking:
 Petrol obtained by this process has good anti-knocking properties and
higher octane number because the cracked petrol is rich in branched,
unsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbon as compared to straight run petrol.

 The yield of the lower boiling point fraction can be increased by

converting higher boiling point fraction to lower ones.

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The importance of cracking
Fuels made from oil mixtures containing large hydrocarbon molecules
are not efficient. They do not flow easily and are difficult to ignite.
Crude oil often contains too many large hydrocarbon molecules and not
enough small hydrocarbon molecules to meet demand this is where
cracking comes in.

Cracking allows us to turn useless

heavy fractions into useful fuels.

If we did not crack long chain

hydrocarbons, we would not be
able to meet the demand for fuels
such as petrol.

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The importance of cracking
Cracking is very important in the petroleum industry
for two reasons :
2. To produce alkenes cracking
always produces alkenes.
1. To produce extra Alkenes (especially ethene and
petrol heavy fractions propene ) can be used to make
in less demand can be many useful organic
cracked to produce chemicals.
extra petrol.

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The uses of cracking
Cracking is a chemical process which
is used in oil refining. To produce by
products such as cooking oil, ethanol,
liquefied petroleum gas, diesel fuel, jet
fuel and other petroleum distillates,
cracking removes large hydrocarbon
molecules in raw crude oil.

LPG gas.

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The product of cracking
Some of the smaller hydrocarbons
formed by cracking are used as
fuels (eg. Large chains are often
cracked to form octane for petrol,
which is in high demand ), and the
alkenes are used to make polymers
in the manufacturing of plastics.
Sometimes, hydrogen is also
produced during cracking.

Variety of petroleum products.

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The product of cracking
An example of cracking :

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What is needed for cracking?
More petrol is needed, but less paraffin is needed. Paraffin can be broken down
or ‘cracked’ into petrol. This can be done on an industrial scale or in the
laboratory.
 To crack liquid paraffin a high temperature and a catalyst are used.
 Large molecules are not so useful. Liquid paraffin is cracked into smaller,
more useful molecules.
 Cracking makes more petrol.

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Types of cracking
1.Catalytic
A. Fluid Catalytic Cracking
B. Hydrocracking
2.Thermal
A. Visbreaking
B. Delayed coking

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Catalytic cracking
Definition
Catalytic cracking breaks complex hydrocarbons into
simpler molecules in order to increase the quality and
quantity of lighter, more desirable products and decrease
the amount of residuals .This process rearranges the
molecular structure of hydrocarbon compounds to
convert heavy hydrocarbon feedstock into lighter
fractions.

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The aim of catalytic cracking are
1. To increase gasoline
2. To produce better quality of gasoline and
octane number of gasoline
3. To produce some important chemicals

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 Types of catalytic cracking
Hydrocracking

Fluid Catalytic Cracking

FCC  It is a catalytic cracking
It is mainly used in petroleum
refiners. This process involves
the conversion of high
molecular weight, high boiling
hydrocarbons into olefinic,
gases, gasoline and other
.products
process, where it uses
hydro cracking to break
C – C bonds. Products
produced by this process
include diesel, jet fuel,
.and LPG

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Fluid Catalytic Cracking process

Cracking
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Hydrocracking process

Cracking
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Thermal cracking
Definition
When a hydrocarbon is heated to a sufficiently high
temperature thermal cracking occurs. This is sometimes
referred to as pyrolysis (especially when coal is the
feedstock). When steam is used it is called steam
cracking .
We will examine two thermal processes used in
refineries.
1. Visbreaking
2. Delayed coking

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Visbreaking
• Visbreaking is a mild form
of thermal cracking that
lowers the viscosity of
heavy crude-oil residues
without affecting the
boiling point range.
• Residuum from the
atmospheric distillation
tower is heated (425-
510ºC) at atmospheric
pressure and mildly
cracked in a heater. 

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Delayed Coking
• Coking is a severe method of
thermal cracking used to upgrade
heavy residuals into lighter
products or distillates.
• Coking produces straight-run
gasoline ( Coker naphtha ) and
various middle-distillate fractions
used as catalytic cracking
feedstock.
• The process completely reduces
hydrogen so that the residue is a
form of carbon called coke.

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Summary
Cracking is the most important process for the
 commercial production of gasoline and
.diesel fuel

cracking is produce by many products such as

cooking oil, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas,
. diesel fuel, jet fuel and so on

Cracking have two types (catalytic and thermal)

.each of these types have many difference types

Cracking
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Reference
 Mohamad, B.A., Introduction To Modern Petroleum Refining Processes.
 Meyers, R.A., 2016. Handbook of petroleum refining processes. McGraw-Hill
Education.
 Sadeghbeigi, R., 1995. Fluid catalytic cracking handbook (p. 208). Houston:
Gulf Publishing Company.
 Wilczura-Wachnik, H., 2013. Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons. University of
Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry.
 Juphil Lamanilao, "Oil Refinery Processes Presentation," 21 Dec , 2009.
[Online]. Available:
https://www.slideshare.net/jeufier/oil-refinery-processes-presentation.
 g. o. chemistry, "Cracking Meaning," 6 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://byjus.com/chemistry/cracking-meaning/
 N. A. Khan, "Crude Oil Processing and Production of Hydrocarbon
Intermediates," 28 Oct , 2013. [Online]. Available:
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/179596513/cracking-ppt

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Thank you