Lubrication

PERSONAL WATER CRAFT

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 INTRODUCTION

More than 20 years have elapsed since our personal watercraft (hereinafter the “PWC”)
first appeared on the market, and now the PWC has become a product that occupies a
major place in the world of marine pleasure just like outboards and motorboats.
The increasing opportunities for the use of the PWC by people are accompanied by the
increasing needs for more of the product knowledge of the PWC and its servicing
techniques and skills. And we, who handle our own PWC, should commit ourselves to
enhancing the product reliability through improved servicing skills and user
enlightenment of safety.
This book has been produced as a textbook for those PWC servicemen who receive
Marine YTA training. The text contains important basics that are required to better
understand the engines, propellers, hulls, and so on that are involved in the PWC.
Therefore, you are requested to carefully read and understand the contents of this
textbook so you will be knowledgeable enough to win customer reliance. Also if,
together with this book, you use the CAI (Computer Aided Instructions) containing
animation, we assure you that you will be able to get further and more effective learning
and knowledge.

Marine Business Operations

Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.

YTA PWC Text

Issued in December 2008

All rights reserved
memo Compiled and issued by:
Marine Business Operations
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
 WHAT WE LEARN IN VOLUME
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we will learn about the lubricating
system of the PWC engine. We will learn about the
subjects ranging from the fundamentals of gasoline
engine oil to the mechanism of 2 and 4-stroke
engine lubrication.

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 CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF
LUBRICATION
INTRODUCTION……….………………....…1-1
WHAT WE LEARN IN CHAPTER 1…....1-1
ROLES/ FUNCTIONS OF OIL…….….…...1-2
RESISTANCE AND FRICTION……...…1-2
FUNCTION OF ENGINE OIL……….…..1-3
DETERIORATION OF OILS.……….…..1-6
ROLES/ FUNCTIONS OF OIL…….….…...1-7
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREASE.…...1-7
CHAPTER 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ENGINE OIL
INTRODUCTION………………………....…3-1
WHAT WE LEARN IN CHAPTER 3.…...3-1
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINE OIL..…3-2
4-STORKE ENGINE OIL………………3-2
2-STORKE ENGINE OIL.………………3-4

CHAPTER 2
LUBRICATION OF PWC
INTRODUCTION ………………………...…2-1
WHAT WE LEARN IN CHAPTER 2.…...2-1
FLOW OF OIL LUBRICATION….………...2-2
LUBRICATION OF GASOLINE
ENGINE…………………………………...2-2
COMPARISON OF 4-STROKE ENGINE
OF MC AND PWC………..……….……..2-2
COMPARISON OF 2-STROKE ENGINE
OF MC AND PWC……………..….……..2-3
LUBRICATION OF 4-STROKE ENGINE
OF PWC……………..…………………....2-3
OTHER LUBRICATION………….………...2-6
OTHER LUBRICATION ...……………....2-6

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 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. FUNDAMENTALS
OF LUBRICATION
INTRODUCTION
WHAT WE LEARN IN CHAPTER 1
In this chapter we will learn about the fundamentals
of gasoline engine lubrication. This chapter
introduces purposes, characteristics, etc. of oil and
grease for use.

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 ROLES/ FUNCTIONS OF OIL
ROLES/ FUNCTIONS OF OIL
RESISTANCE AND FRICTION
Friction is the force that tries to resist the relative
motion of two bodies in contact with each other.
Friction may prevent motion, but then our lives
cannot be done without it.

1. When it is frictionless

2. Ideas for reduction of friction

To reduce friction around us, we devise a number
of things.Here are some examples.

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 ROLES/ FUNCTIONS OF OIL
3. Diminution of friction by oil
Putting oil on the borders of two bodies can reduce
frictional resistance substantially. This results from
the oil serving to form a film separating the direct
contact between the two bodies.

FUNCTION OF ENGINE OIL

Besides reducing friction, engine oil has a variety of
uses.

Engine oils can be classified into three broad

categories. We explain it in detail.

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 ROLES/ FUNCTIONS OF OIL
1. Classification by use

2. Classification by standard
4-stroke engine oils can be classified into two broad
categories. We explain it in detail.

1) Category by viscosity (SAE)

Viscous oil can create a thicker oil film that can
withstand larger loads. However, if the viscosity is
too high, friction and resistance becomes larger,
which results in the loss of power. If the viscosity is
too low, power loss can be reduced, though the oil
film may be easily destroyed, which results in the
increase in friction. As shown in the figure above,
the viscosity decreases as its temperature
increases. This relationship is called the oil
viscosity classification.

For viscosity categories, generally the SAE (the

USA Society of Automotive Engineers) standard is
used. There are two types of designation: 'single
grade' for indicating a single viscosity class No.,
and 'multiple grade' for indicating two different
viscosity class Nos. For example, SAE10W-30
indicates a viscosity class of 10 for low temperature,
and viscosity class of 30 for high temperature.

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 ROLES/ FUNCTIONS OF OIL

2) Category by performance (API)

This classification of oil performance was defined
by the American Petroleum Institute. The first letter
represents the engine type (C = diesel engine, and
S = gasoline engine). The second letter represents
the grade of oil. For details, see the separate table.

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 ROLES/ FUNCTIONS OF OIL
3. Classification by material

DETERIORATION OF OILS
Oils suffer gradual deterioration depending the
environment in which they are used. Such oils do
not only produce a proper lubricating effect but also
do damage to the engine etc.

1. Check

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 GREASE
GREASE
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREASE
Grease is used in low-speed sliding areas as where
gears are engaged or oil seals are provided.
Grease is semi-solid at room temperature,
becoming soft with friction heat or the like, forming
an oil film on the friction surface, and thus serving
to work as a lubricant.

Grease is characterized by the following effects:

・Antifriction
・Anticorrosion
・Sealing
But grease has no such cooling effect as engine oil.

Grease is classified into three kinds according to its

properties. In PWC grease is used in areas mainly
as shown.

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 GREASE

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 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2. LUBRICATION OF
PWC
INTRODUCTION
WHAT WE LEARN IN CHAPTER 2
In this chapter we will learn about the sequence of
lubrication, lubrication system, etc. in PWC engine
as we compare them with those in Motor cycle
engine. We will also learn about the lubrication of
other parts.

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 FLOW OF OIL LUBRICATION
FLOW OF OIL LUBRICATION
LUBRICATION OF GASOLINE ENGINE
Lubrication in a gasoline engine is provided as
shown.

COMPARISON OF 4-STROKE ENGINE

OF MC AND PWC
Here we compare lubrication areas in 4-stroke
engine of MC and PWC. At a turnover a PWC may
change reverse its engine position 180 degrees, so
it employs a dry sump type that retains no oil in the
oil pan.

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 FLOW OF OIL LUBRICATION
COMPARISON OF 2-STROKE ENGINE
OF MC AND PWC
The basic structure is the same in the 2-stroke
engine.

LUBRICATION OF 4-STROKE ENGINE

OF PWC
Dry-sump lubrication is generally employed in
4-stroke engine of PWC.

1. Dry sump
Dry-sump lubrication is generally employed in 4-
stroke PWC. In the dry-sump system, oil is retained
not in an oil pan but in an oil tank. This requires a
scavenging pump to be installed to feed oil into the
oil tank.

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 FLOW OF OIL LUBRICATION
2. Wet sump
Four-stroke engine of Outboad Motor generally
employs wet-sump lubrication.

3. Oil pump
PWC are equipped with two types of oil pumps, a
feed pump and a scavenging pump. Scavenging
pump is provided with high discharge capacity
because it pumps up the ambient air as well as the
oil that drops to the oil pan.

1) Feed pump

2) Scavenge pump

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 FLOW OF OIL LUBRICATION
4. Oil tank
In PWC the oil sucked up by the scavenging pump
is separated from the air in the oil tank into pure oil,
which is then lubricated by the oil pump.

1) Separation of oil from air

2) Oil cooling mechanism

In PWC the oil tank is accompanied with an oil
cooler which uses part of the engine coolant to cool
the oil. This oil cooler is installed in order to avoid a
drop in oil performance due to overheated oil.

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 OTHER LUBRICATION
OTHER LUBRICATION
OTHER LUBRICATION
In PWC the working area like the jet pump bearing
is lubricated with grease. Movable areas of the
throttle cable are also lubricated with grease or
other lubricants.

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 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 3.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ENGINE OIL
INTRODUCTION
WHAT WE LEARN IN CHAPTER 3
In this chapter we will learn about 4-stroke and 2-
stroke engine oils as to their characteristics and
differences.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINE OIL
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINE
OIL
4-STORKE ENGINE OIL
Four-stroke engine uses lubrication oil repeatedly
independent of gasoline. The oil gets deteriorated
with use, so it must be replaced periodically.

1. Deterioration of oils
In a 4-stroke engine the oil gets gradually
deteriorated as it collects dust or other stains in the
engine. Even if the oil is left unused, it gets
deteriorated little by little through oxidation. For this
reason it should be replaced periodically.

2. Mixing of metal powder

Oil causes an oil film to form between the rubbing
parts to make them contact-free, but lack of this film
results in the parts being brought into direct contact,
thereby producing metal powder.

3. Mixing of carbon and dust

Engine oil also serves to clean off stains in the
engine.Extended use results in carbon and stains
depositing in the engine getting missed in the oil.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINE OIL
4. Mixing of moisture
Oil may get moisture from the dew condensation in
the blow-by gas or from sea water ingress through
a broken gasket.Oil gets creamy white when it gets
moisture and this is called whitening.

5. Oxidation
Oil exposed to the air for an extended period of
time gets natural oxidation.This is because the
moisture in the air gets into the oil through the
surface.The oxidation is drastically accelerated
because the oil is constantly heated when in
operation.

6. Oil change interval

You should replace both the engine oil and oil filter
periodically after 1200 hours of use or every year.
Much oil is consumed because of high engine
speeds, so you should replenish the oil as well as
check the oil amount.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINE OIL
2-STORKE ENGINE OIL
1. Mixture oil feeding and separate oil feeding
Feeding in 2-stroke engines is roughly classified
into air-fuel mixture fueling in which oil and fuel are
premixed and separated feeding in which an oil
tank is separately prepared for lubrication, and
most of the current PWC employ separate feeding.

2. Mixture oil feeding

3. Separate oil feeding

4. GP1300
The GP1300 is provided with a catalyst for
compliance with exhaust emission regulations.
Good quality oil must be used because otherwise
the honeycomb will be clogged with oil.

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