TOPIC: SERVICE LUBRICATING SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

 Principle operation of lubricating system

 Identify types and quality of oil/ lubricant
 Use and application of lubricants
 Procedure in checking oil pressure
 Procedure in changing oil/ oil filter
 Perform house keeping

INTRODUCTION:
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on using and
applying lubricants/coolants. It includes instructions and procedure on how to identify
types of lubricants/coolants, use and apply lubricants and coolants and perform
housekeeping services.

Completion of this module will help you understand the succeeding module on Move
and Position Vehicle.

This module consists of three (3) learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains
learning activities with instruction sheets. Before you follow the instruction, read the
information sheets and answer the self-check and activities provided to assess your
competence by your teacher. He/she will check if you have acquired the knowledge
necessary to perform the skill portion of the particular learning outcome.

Upon completing this module, report to your teacher for assessment.

If you pass the assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.

INFORMATION SHEET#1 SERVICE LUBRICATING SYSTEM

PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF LUBRICATING SYSTEM

The lubricating system supplies oil to all moving parts in the engine. The oil pump picks
up oil from the oil pan through the oil filter and then to the oil galleries to the main bearings that
support the crankshaft. Some oil flows from the main bearings through oil holes drilled in the
crankshaft to the connecting rod bearing. The oil flows through the bearing oil clearance and
then is thrown off the moving parts.

At the same time, oil flows through an oil gallery to the cylinder head. There the oil flows
through an oil gallery to lubricate the camshaft bearing and valve train parts. After the oil
circulates to all engine parts, drop back down into the oil pan

IMPORTANCE OF LUBRICANTS/COOLANTS

The lubrication system is extremely important to engine service life because it forces oil
to high friction points in the engine. Without a lubrication system, friction between parts
would destroy an engine very quickly. Many of the engine parts would rapidly overheat and
score from this friction. Engine bearings, piston rings, cylinder walls and other components
could be ruined.

1. Reduces friction and wear between moving parts.

2. Helps transfer heat and cool engine parts
3. Cleans the inside of the engine by removing contaminants (metal, dirt, plastic, rubber, and
other particles).
4. Cuts power loss and increases fuel economy.
5. Absorbs shocks between moving parts to quite engine operative and increase engine life.
 Arrows shows the flow of oil to the engine moving parts

IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF LUBRICATING OIL

Types of lubricating oil

ENGINE OIL

Engine oil, also called motor oil, is used to produce a lubricating film on the
moving parts in an engine. It is commonly refined from crude oil or petroleum which is
extracted from deep within the earth. Synthetic oils (manufactured oils) are also available.
They can be made from substances other than crude oil. An oil film (thin layer of oil)
separates engine parts to prevent metal-on-metal contact.
When selecting oil for an engine it is important that the one chosen is suitable for
the engine itself and the conditions under which it will be used.
Two factors determining the choice of oils are;

a. That the oil meets the quality requirements

b. That the oil has the right “thickness” or what we call the right VISCOSITY.

QUALITY- API-SE

GRADE- SAE 30

This learning element explains what is meant by viscosity and how the oils are graded
according to their viscosity.

The term viscosity refers to the relative thickness of a liquid. It’s a thin, free-flowing
liquid has a low viscosity and a thick, slow-slow-flowing liquid has a high viscosity.

The viscosity of a liquid changes when the temperature changes. At high temperature
the liquid (oil in this case) becomes thinner (lower viscosity) and at low temperature the
liquid becomes thicker (higher viscosity)

The correct oil viscosity is essential for the efficient operation of the engine because:
When the oil is too thick (high viscosity) it causes resistance and much more power is needed
to turn the engine, making it difficult to start when cold.

-Thick oil does not circulate freely enough during the starting period, causing insufficient
lubrication of the bearings and, consequently, increased wear
-Oil which is too thin, combined with a high engine temperature and a heavy load presents the
risk of oil being pressed out from between the working surfaces of the bearings or other engine
parts

-And this would cause the oil film which is essential to the proper lubrication of the engine to
break down. Furthermore between the piston rings and the cylinder.

-This is most significant characteristic of lubricating with its viscosity. This can be measured
in different ways. One way, for instance, is to check the quantity of oil which passes through
a tube of standard size during a certain length of time and at a given temperature.

POWER TRAIN AND RUNNING GEARS OIL

Most gear oil is a mineral oil refined from crude oil. Some gear oil is manufactured or
synthetic oil. Chemical additives are mixed with gear oil to improve its load carrying
capacity. This makes an extreme of heat on oil viscosity and foaming, rust, corrosion, and
oil-seal damage.

The gear oil used in many cars and trucks is relatively thick and has a viscosity ranging from
SAE 75W to SAE 140. Multi-grade gear oils such as SAE 75W-90, are also used. However,
some manufacturers specify synchromesh transmission fluid (STF) for manual transmissions and
transaxles.

GREASE

This is a fluid suck as mineral oil (made from petroleum) thickened with an agent that
makes it a semi-solid. The thickening agent that is a metallic soap or non-soap substance
such as clay. Soaps commonly used are lithium, calcium, sodium, aluminum and barium.
Each of these alone or in combination gives the grease characteristics. Aluminum gives the
grease good adhesion. Sodium gives the grease a thick, fibrous appearance.

A good grease must have consistency, stability, oxidation, resistance, ability to

protect against friction, wear and corrosion, and feed ability. This is ability to flow through
dispensing equipment such as wheel bearing, universal joint, ball joint, and chassis fittings.

SELF-CHECK

LO2: IMPORTANCE OF LUBRICATING OIL

DIRECTION: Complete the following:

1. _________ the inside of the engine by removing contaminants.

2. _________ shocks between moving parts to quite engine operative and increase engine
life.

3. _________ transfer heat and cool engine parts.

4. _________ power loss and increases fuel economy.

5. _________ friction and wear between moving parts.

INFORMATION SHEET#3
 IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF LUBRICATING OIL

SERVICE RATINGS OF OIL

Oil is rated by viscosity number and also by its service designation. This is kind of
service for which the oil is best suited. There are six service ratings for spark-ignition-engine
lubricating oils, SA, SB, SC, SD, and SF. There are four service ratings for compression-
ignition-engine lubricating oils, CA, CB, CC, and CD.

1. SA Oil This oil is for utility gasoline and diesel engines operating under mild conditions,
so protection by additives is not required. This oil may have pour-point and foam
depressants.
2. SB Oil This oil is for service in gasoline engines operated under such mild conditions that
only minimum protection by additives required.
3. SC Oil This oil is for service typical of gasoline engines in the 1964 to 1967 models of
passengers’ cars and trucks. It is intended primarily for use in passenger cars. This oil
provides control of high and low-temperature engine deposits, wear, rust and corrosion.
4. SD Oil This oil is for service typical of gasoline engine in passenger cars and trucks
beginning with 1968 models. This oil provides more protection from high- and low-
temperature engine deposits, wear, rust and corrosion than do SC oils.
5. SE Oil This oil is for service typical of gasoline engines in passenger cars and some trucks
beginning with 1972 (and some 1971) models. This oil provides more protection against oil
oxidation, high temperature engine deposits, rust, and corrosion than do oils with the SC and
SC ratings.
6. SF Oil SF oil is for service typical of gasoline engines in passenger cars and some trucks
beginning in 1981 models. This oil provides more protection than SE oils against sludge,
varnish, wear, oil-screen plugging and engine deposits.

Notice that this is an open-end series. When the car manufacturers and oil producers see the need
for other types of oil, they can bring out SG and SH service-rated oils. SA and SB oils are not
recommended for use in automobile engine. These are non-detergent oils. Detergent oils are
required in modern automotive engines.

Diesel-engine oils must have different properties than oils for gasoline engines. The
CA, CB, CC, and CD ratings indicate ample, CA oil is for light-duty service. CD oil is for
severe-duty service typical of turbocharged high-output diesel engines operating on fuel oil
with high sulfur content. Oil for use in automotive diesel engines should be marked SF/CC or
SF/CD.

Now, we have a wide range of oil viscosity from very thin oil, SAE 5W up to thick SAE 50
oil. Every SAE grade represents an oil suitable for use within a special range of temperature
and for certain type of engine as follows:
- Oils within the viscosity grades SAE 5W, 10W and 20W are suitable for use in climates with
temperatures ranging from very low to moderate.

-SAE 20 and SAE 30 are suitable for use in moderate to hot climates.
-SAE 40 and SAE 50 are mostly for use in old engines designed for rather thick oil or in
badly worn engines with high oil consumption.

-However, many engines are operated in climates where the temperature varies considerably
from season to season.

-in addition, it is always preferable for any engine to run on low viscosity oil during the
starting period when the engine is cold, on high viscosity oil when the engine is hot and fully
loaded.

For practical reason it is not possible to use a low viscosity oil for starting and then change to
an oil of higher viscosity when running.

Oils are available with a very wide viscosity range, for example 10W/50, which can be used
in any climate.
-it is also an advantage for the engine when SAE 10W/50 is used because it enables that cold
engine to start on a thin (10W) and when hot, on a sufficiently thick oil (SAE 50).

A general technical designation for oils has been accepted as follows:

-single grade oil which only covers one SAE grade (e.g. SAE 30)
-

-Double grade oil which covers two consecutive SAE grades (e.g. SAE 20W/30).

-Multi-grade oil which covers three SAE grades (e.g. SAE 20W/30).

-Super multi-grade oil which covers more than three SAE grades (e.g. SAE 15/50).

The oils covering more than one SAE grades are often referred to s multi-viscosity, all season
or all-weather oils. Bear in mind that SAE grades only tell you the viscosity of the oil and not
the quality.
Now, how would you select the oil with the right SAE number corresponding to the
temperature and running conditions.

The correct way is, of course, to check what is recommended in the specifications for the
engine.

-All oil producers have worked out, together with the engine manufacturers,
recommendations for the oil viscosity most suitable for given conditions.

TECHNICAL TERMS

It is important to know that the SAE grades only give information on the viscosity but not
the quality of the oil. For the quality classification see reference book (Automotive
Technology by: James E. Duff p.488

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

VISCOSITY – a measure of the thickness or ability to flow of a lubricant.

 2
2. SAE - Society Automotive Engineers
33.
. API - American Petroleum Institute

4. W - Winter

5. Lubricant - a material capable of reducing friction,

when applied between moving parts.

6. Synthetic oil - an artificial oil that is manufactured, and

not a natural mineral oil made from
Petroleum.

7. SOP - Standard Operating Procedure

8. Petroleum - an oily flammable liquid obtained from well

drilled in the ground and refined into
Gasoline, fuel oils, and other products.

Self-check

MULTIPLE CHOICES:

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following statements are correct?

a. Oil becomes thicker when warm
b. Oil becomes thicker when cold
c. Oil with high viscosity provides easy starting and good lubrication when cold.
d. All of the above mention

2. An oil marked SAE10W/40 means that

a. the oil can be used in cold and hot climates
b. the oil is to be used only in cold climates
c. the oil is a mixture of SAE 10W and SAE 40
d. both b and c
3. Which SAE grade would you recommend for an engine with high oil consumption?
a. SAE 10W
b. SAE 20W
c. SAE 20
d. SAE 40

4. “SAE grade” means

a. the viscosity
b. the quality of the oil
c. the relative thickness of the oil
d. the API classification of the oil

5. Which of the following statements has a lower viscosity?

a. Oil with high viscosity provides easy starting and good lubrication when cold
b. SAE 20
c. SAE 40
d. All of the above
The correct way is, of course, to check what is recommended in the
specifications for the engine.

-All oil producers have worked out, together with the engine manufacturers,
recommendations for the oil viscosity most suitable for given conditions.

It is important to know that the SAE grades only give information on the
viscosity but not the quality of the oil. For the quality classification see
reference book (Automotive Technology by: James E. Duff p.488 Self-check

Self-check

MULTIPLE CHOICES:

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following statements are correct?

a. Oil becomes thicker when warm
b. Oil becomes thicker when cold
c. Oil with high viscosity provides easy starting and good lubrication
when cold.
d. All of the above mention

2. An oil marked SAE10W/40 means that

a. the oil can be used in cold and hot climates
b. the oil is to be used only in cold climates
c. the oil is a mixture of SAE 10W and SAE 40
d. both b and c

3. Which SAE grade would you recommend for an engine with high oil
consumption?
a. SAE 10W
b. SAE 20W
c. SAE 20
d. SAE 40

4. “SAE grade” means

a. the viscosity
b. the quality of the oil
c. the relative thickness of the oil
d. the API classification of the oil

5. Which of the following statements has a lower viscosity?

a. Oil with high viscosity provides easy starting and good lubrication
when cold
b. SAE 20
c. SAE 40
d. All of the above
 LEARNING OUTCOME# 3 USING AND APPLYING LUBRICATING OIL
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Correct procedure for change of lubricant is identified

following manufacturer’s specification or manual

2. Correct tools and equipment are selected and used in line

with job requirements

3. Existing lubricants are removed and replaced with

specified type and quantity of new materials in line with
manufacturer’s specifications

4. Safety procedure and use of PPE are observed when

removing or replacing lubricant

5. Used lubricants are disposed in accordance with

environmental guidelines

6. Work is checked in line with company SOP.

LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Learning outcome#3 USE AND APPLY LUBRICATING OIUL
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Perform correct procedures in changing Refer to operation sheet #1
/applying lubricating oil
2.Performance test Refer to operation sheet#1

PROCEDURES:

The teacher presents and discusses correct procedures thru

pictures in changing oil in applying lubricants. Then show actually
demonstration.

a. Use lift or floor jack and stands to raise car in level position. Place catch
pan under drain plug.
B. Unscrew drain plug and allow oil to pour into pan.

c. Use filter wrench to remove old filter. Turn counter-clockwise.

D. Wipe clean oil on new filter o-ring. This will assure proper tightening.
e. Install and tighten oil filter by hand. Hands and filter should be clean and
dry. Use a rag if needed.

f. Tighten the drain plug. Install correct type and quantity of oil. Pour oil
filter or breather opening in valve cover.

PRECAUTIONS: Be careful of hot oil. It can cause painful burns.

SAFETY MEASURES IN HANDLING LUBRICANTS

Lubricants that are not properly handled can become

contaminated with dirt, water and other fluids, reducing the service lives
of the lubricant and the equipment and possibly causing equipment
failure
Proper oil storage is the first step to preventing contamination. Oil
should be store in closed containers that keep airborne particulates and
moisture out. According to Jim Morrison, field technician with Petro-
Canada America Lubricants, Inc., it can be a costly mistake to store oil
in open containers or allow drums to be partially open to air. “Air is
extremely dirty, therefore, you must never allow oil to get exposed to it,”
he says.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN APPLYING LUBRICANTS

Wear eye protection at all times when in the shop area.

Oil and filter change require that the vehicle be safely raised and
supported. If using safety stands or ramps to support the vehicle, also
block any wheels remaining on the ground. This will prevent the vehicle
from moving backwards.
LEARNING OUTCOME#4 CHECKING ENGINE OIL PRESSURE

Testing the Oil Pressure

\\ Oil pressure testing will need to be performed whenever low oil pressure is suspected and the
oil level is within the “safe” range. If the oil pressure gauge in the dash of the vehicle shows low, you
will need to verify that it is correct with a manual test gauge. If the test gauge indicates a different
pressure from the vehicle’s gauge, you will need to test the gauge according to the manufacturer’s
procedure.
(If an engine is noisy, it may be necessary to check oil pressure to verify that the engine is
repairable. An engine that has been operated for long periods of time with no or low oil pressure will
have extensive damage and in almost all cases will require complete engine replacement or overhaul.
So if the noise is accompanied by low oil pressure, the low oil pressure will need to be diagnosed
first. If the noise is accompanied by normal oil pressure, then further diagnosis of the noise is
warranted.)
You will need a quality oil pressure gauge of the correct pressure reading and correct threaded
adapters. The oil pressure gauge will usually be installed where the oil pressure sensor (sometimes
called an oil pressure sending unit or oil pressure switch) is located. Remove the oil pressure sensor
and install the oil pressure gauge in its place. If oil pressure is lower than specifications, refer to
service information for additional information. There may be excessive clearance in the engine
bearings (which causes oil to bleed off and pressures to decline), and/or the oil pump may be worn. If
the oil pressure is higher than specifications, suspect a sticking oil pressure regulator. Be sure to
follow service information to troubleshoot this condition.

To perform oil pressure testing, follow the steps in SKILL DRILL 45-6:

1
1. Locate the oil pressure sensor by using the component locator in your service information. It is
often located near the oil filter. (Photo 1)
2

2. Place an oil drain pan under the engine to catch any oil when you remove the oil pressure
sensor. (Photo 2)
3
3. Disconnect the wire harness connector, and remove the oil pressure sensor from the engine using
the recommended tool in the service information. (Photo 3)
4
4. Match the adapter thread to the thread on the sending unit to ensure that the correct adapter will be
screwed into the engine. (Photo 4)
5
5. Carefully thread the adapter into the engine, ensuring that you do not cross-thread the
adapter. (Photo 5)
6
Connect the oil pressure gauge, then start and completely warm up the engine.
7
6 . Compare the readings to the specifications in the service information. Your specifications may be
at two different engine speeds; if so, you will need to check at both speeds. (Photo 6)
8
7. Remove the manual pressure gauge and adaptor. Using a thread sealant, reinstall the oil sending
unit and torque to specifications. (Photo 7)
9
8. Install the wiring and start the engine. Inspect for oil leaks and proper pressure gauge
operation. (Photo 8)
 TESTING THE OIL PRESSURE

1. Locate the oil pressure sensor by using the component locator in the service information.

2. Place an oil drain pan under the engine to catch any oil when you remove the oil pressure sensor.

3. Disconnect the wire harness connector, and remove the oil pressure sensor from the engine using
the recommended tool in the service information.

4. Match the adapter thread to the thread on the pressure sensor to ensure that the correct adapter will
be screwed into the engine.

5
5. . Carefully thread the adapter into the engine, ensuring that you do not cross-thread the adapter.

6. Connect the oil pressure gauge, then start and completely warm up the engine. Compare the
readings to the specifications in the service information.

7. Remove the manual pressure gauge and adaptor. Using a thread sealant, reinstall the oil sending
unit and torque to specifications.

8. Install the wire harness connector and start the engine. Inspect for oil SAFETY

SAFETY

The lubrication system contains pressures up to approximately 80 psi (552 kPa), which will shoot oil
a good distance. Be sure to wear safety glasses, and be careful if the engine oil is hot, as it could
cause burn
LEARNING OUTCOME#5- PERFORM HOUSE KEEPING

LEARNING EXPERIENCE

LEARNING OUTCOME#5 PERFORM HOUSE KEEPING SERVICE

Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Discuss housekeeping procedures(5’s)  Refer to information sheet no.1.
environmental requirements, and safety signs
and symbols.

2. .Take the written test.

 Refer to information sheet no.1.
3. Check your work using the answer key
 Use answer key#

HOUSE KEEPING PROCEDURES

A. Concepts of 5S

1. SEIRI ( SORT )
Remove unnecessary items and dispose them properly
 Make work easy by eliminating obstacles
 Provide no chance of being disturbed with unnecessary items
 Prevent accumulation of unnecessary items.

2. SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE)
Arrange necessary items in good order so that they can be easily picked for use
 Prevent loss and waste of time.
 Easy to find and pick up necessary items
 Ensure first -come-first serve basis.
 Make work flow smooth and easy.
3. SEISO (SWEEP)
Clean your workplace completely
 Easy to check abnormality
 Prevent machinery and equipment from deterioration.
 Keep workplace safe and easy to work

4. SEIKETSU (STANDARDIZE)
Maintain high standards of housekeeping and workplace organization at all
times
 Maintain cleanliness and orderliness
 Prevent mismanagement of operation

5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE)
Do things spontaneously without being told or ordered.
 Standardize good practice
B. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

Segregation & Secondary Containment

1. Separate acidic chemicals from basic chemicals according to pH.

2. Separate oxidizers from organic chemicals and inorganic reducing agents. (Remember
the Fire Triangle)

3. Separate water reactive chemicals from aqueous solutions.

4. Separate chemicals with multiple hazards from all other chemicals.

When transporting chemicals form one room to another PLEASE use a

chemical safety bucket.

General Rules to Observe

1. All employees must receive and understand the locally applicable Workplace Hazardous
Materials information guide or equivalent (if such a guide exists). In any case the
management is responsible for proper instruction.
2. Develop a positive attitude toward laboratory safety: prevention is better than cure
3. Observe normal laboratory safety practices.
4. Good housekeeping is extremely important. Maintain a safe, clean work environment.
5. You may work hard but never in haste.
6. Follow the safety precautions provide by the manufacturer when operating instruments
7. Monitor instruments while they are operating
8. Avoid working alone. If you must work alone, have someone contact you periodically
9. Learn what to do in case of emergencies(e.g. fire, chemical spill, see 4 2 6)
10. Learn emergency first aid (see 4, 2, 5, 2).
11. Seek medical attention immediately if affected by chemicals and use first aid until
medical aid is available.
12. Report all accidents and near misses to the management.
13. Access to emergency exits, eye-wash fountains and safety showers
must not be blocked. Fountains and showers should be checked
periodically for proper operation.
14. Wash hands immediately. Use appropriate material for each spillage.
15. Clean up any spillage immediately. Use appropriate materials for each spillage.
C. SAFETY SIGN AND SYMBOLS
 SELF-CHECK

LO5: Perform Housekeeping Services

Direction: Identify the following as to what specific S it belongs.

_________1. Prevent mis-operation

_________2. Standardize good practice
_________3. Make work easy by eliminating
_________4. Prevent loss and waste of time
_________5. Ensure first-come-first-serve basis
_________6. Keep work place safe and easy to work
_________7. Provide no chance of being disturbed with unnecessary items
_________8. Make work flow smooth and easy
_________9. Easy to find and pick –up necessary items
_________10. Prevent accumulation of necessary items