Presented by: IRTAZA MUNIR

Topic: VIRUSES
 VIRUSES
Introduction:
Beijerinck(1897) coined the latin name ‘’virus’’
meaning ‘’poison’’.
 A microorganism that is smaller than a bacterium
that cannot grow or reproduce apart from a living
cell.
Example of viruses
Structure of viruses
• All viruses contain nucleic acid, either
DNA or RNA and a protein coat, which
encases the nucleic acid.
• Some viruses are also enclosed by an
envelope of fat and protein molecules.
• In its infective form, outside the cell, a
virus particle is called a virion.
Generalised structure of viruses
Function of viruses
• The main purpose of a virus is to deliver its
genome into the host cell to allow its expression
(transcription and translation) by the host cell.
• A fully assembled infectious virus is called a virion.
Viral genome
 Viral taxonomy
Viruses are classified into 18 groups:
• 6 are DNA viruses and
• 11 are RNA viruses
 Morphology
• Filamentous viruses are long and cylindrical. Many
plant viruses are filamentous, including TMV
(tobacco mosaic virus).
 Morphology
• Isometric viruses have shapes that are roughly
spherical, such as poliovirus or herpes viruses.
Morphology
• Enveloped viruses have membranes surrounding
capsids including dengue virus, influenza virus, and
measles virus.
Morphology
• Head and tail viruses infect bacteria.
They have a head that is similar
to icosahedral viruses and a
tail shape like filamentous viruses.
Morphology
• Non-enveloped viruses do not have a lipid covering,
but their effects on humans can be just as
devastating.
• These “naked” viruses only need their protein-based
capsid and host detector proteins to infect host cells.
• Common colds (Rhinovirus) and Polio (Poliovirus).
Reproductive structure of viruses
• There are two processes used by viruses to replicate:
1- The lytic cycle and
2- The lysogenic cycle.
Lytic cycle
• The lytic cycle, which is also referred to as the "reproductive
cycle" of the bacteriophage, is a six-stage cycle.
• The six stages are:
1- Attachment
2- Penetration
3- Biosynthesis
4- Maturation
5- lysis.
 Lysogenic cycle
• The following are the steps of the lysogenic cycle
• 1) Viral genome enters cell.
• 2) Viral genome integrates into Host cell genome.
• 3) Host cell DNA Polymerase copies viral chromosomes.
• 4) cell divides, and virus chromosomes are transmitted to cell's
daughter cells.
• 5) At any moment when the virus is "triggered", the viral genome
detaches from the Host cell's DNA and enters stage 2 of the Lytic
cycle.
Viral diseases in plants
• Tobacco mosaic viruses
• Cucumber mosaic viruses
• Cauliflower mosaic viruses
• Potato virus X
TMV CMV
Cauliflower mosaic virus PVX