Meaning of Intelligence:

Intelligence came from Latin word intelligere "to understand”.

Definitions:

“Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to think rationally, to act
purposefully and to deal effectively with the environment” (Wechsler-1994)

“Intelligence is the ability to master the knowledge and skills needed to succeed with in a particular
culture” (Lolurto-1991) 9/23/2019 3

Nature of Intelligence:
• It is an innate mental ability which grows and is influenced by the environment.

• It shows the capacity to adapt to new or changed situations quickly and correctly.

• It is the ability to carry on higher mental processes such as reasoning, criticism, rational and
judgment.

• It shows the capacity to observe the relationship and absurdities.

• It implies the capacity to learn and solve difficult tasks and problems.

Types of intelligence: Intelligence is divided into three kinds. 1. Concrete intelligence 2. Social or
emotional intelligence 3. Abstract or general intelligence 9/23/2019 5

Types of intelligence:
1. Concrete intelligence:
This type of intelligence is applicable for using machines, tools and instruments. Ex. Mechanics,
engineers are concrete intelligent.

2. Social intelligence
It is the ability to understand social situations and act wisely in human relationship. Socially
intelligent people know the art of winning friends and influence them. Ex. Leaders, ministers,
salesmen, and diplomats are socially intelligent.

3. Abstract and general intelligence

It is the ability to respond to words, numbers and letters etc. This type of intelligence is required
from study of books literature. Ex. Teachers, lawyers, doctors and philosophers.

4. Emotional intelligence
First called social intelligence. The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ. It is basis of the
empathy for others, self awareness , and social skills. e.g. eye contact, flexibility and cooperation. It
helps in building the therapeutic relationship with patient.

5. Intelligence quotient (IQ)

The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern. The idea of intelligence
quotient was utilized first in 1916 by Binnet and Simon test. Binnet and Simon used mental age to
distinguish “bright” from “dull” children. IQ is the ratio between the metal age and chronological
age.

IQ = MA/CA x 100 Ex. A 6 years old boy with the mental age of 4. IQ = 4/6 x 100 = 66.6

Spiritual intelligence
is a term used by some philosophers, psychologists, and developmental theorists to indicate
spiritual parallels with IQ (intellectual quotient) and EQ (emotional quotient). Spiritual intelligence is
a higher dimension of intelligence that activates the qualities and capabilities of soul, in the form of
wisdom, compassion, integrity, joy, love, creativity.

Factors Influencing Intelligence:

1. Nature: how genetics and heredity affects our intelligence.
Genetics
Gender
2. Nurture: From immediate environment to through out the life.

Pre and postnatal diet

Family Environment

School Environment

Socioeconomic status of family

Race/Ethnicity